03 Jan a. Collective violence

Question 1

Person A vs. Person B is to ___ as Group X vs. Group Y is to ___.

Select one:

a. intergroup conflict; intragroup conflict

b. intragroup conflict; intergroup conflict

c. interindividual conflict; interpersonal conflict

d. tension; conflict

e. conflict; tension

Question 2

Steve is very concerned that everyone in the group benefits, but he also hopes that he will gain a favorable outcome as well. Rachel, in contrast, wants to maximize her outcomes, no matter what the consequences for others. Steve style is ___, whereas Rachel’s style is ___.

Select one:

a. maximizing; minimizing

b. avoiding; fighting

c. cooperating; fighting

d. yielding; fighting

e. interpersonal; personal

Question 3

Studies of students in ___ classrooms found that students worked harder, achieved higher grades, and communicated more frequently.

Select one:

a. competitive

b. individualistic

c. autocratic

d. cooperative

e. democratic

Question 4

The group is discussing an important issue, and must choose between option A or option B. Which situation is the most likely to create the greatest level of conflict (hostility) in the group?

Select one:

a. Bob and Ed dislike each other, but both Bob and Ed prefer option B.

b. Bob and Ed like each other, and both prefer option A.

c. Bob and Ed like each other, but Bob prefers option A and Ed prefers option B.

d. Bob and Ed dislike each other, and Bob prefers option A and Ed prefers option B. .

Question 5

The professor tells her students that she gives out grades based on class ranks. The 10 percent of the students with the best grades get As, the next 20 percent get Bs, and so on. She is using a(n) ___ goal structure.

Select one:

a. autocratic

b. competitive

c. cooperative

d. individualistic

e. democratic

Question 6

When Lisa and Seymour first meet, Seymour cooperates and Lisa competes. Later, when Lisa cooperates, Seymour cooperates. When Lisa competes, Seymour competes. Seymour is following a ___ strategy.

Select one:

a. imposition

b. tit-for-tat

c. problem-solving

d. contentious.

Question 7

When people experience psychological reactance, they are motivated to

Select one:

a. go out and help someone.

b. escape the situation that distressed them.

c. reestablish a sense of autonomy

d. inflict harm.

Question 8

When Taylor created dyads where members agreed or disagreed with each other and liked or disliked each other, he noted that hostility was greatest when the discussants ___ each other and ___ with each other.

Select one:

a. disliked; agreed

b. disliked; disagreed

c. liked; agreed

d. liked; disagreed

Question 9

Which conflict management strategy reflects a lack of concern for both self and other?

Select one:

a. yielding

b. cooperating

c. avoiding

d. compromising

e. fighting

Question 10

Which one is NOT one of the basic causes of group conflict discussed in the text?

Select one:

a. Hiding: Covert disagreements and secretive maneuvering.

b. Deciding: Disagreements about procedures and decisions.

c. Controlling: Disputes over power and authority.

d. Sharing: Disputes about the division of resources.

e. Winning: Competition for scare outcomes.

Question 11

Studies of moral exclusion indicate that groups that commit extreme acts of violence against another group

Select one:

a. are in an agentic state where independent action is impossible.

b. believe that the outgroup is evil and morally worthless.

c. are no longer acting on their own morals and instead follow the group’s morals.

d. are inherently evil people, like the Nazis.

Question 12

The stereotype content model recognizes that stereotypes vary in content, but that they share several key dimensions. One dimension is warmth: some groups are viewed positively, others are viewed negatively. The other dimension is

Select one:

a. judged competence of the outgroup.

b. similarity to the ingroup.

c. competitiveness of the outgroup.

d. activity level of members of the other group.

e. size of the outgroup.

Question 13

The tendency for conflict to encourage further conflict is best explained by

Select one:

a. the norm of reciprocity.

b. a value shaping process.

c. the inclusive aggression norm.

d. an excitation transfer effect.

Question 14

When categorization occurs, people usually (although not always) assume

Select one:

a. both groups are heterogeneous.

b. both groups are homogeneous.

c. the ingroup is heterogeneous and the outgroup is homogeneous.

d. the ingroup is homogeneous and the outgroup is heterogeneous.

Question 15

Which expression is consistent with the outgroup homogeneity bias?

Select one:

a. “He is just like all the rest.”

b. “We are thrifty, but they are miserly.”

c. “You got to see ‘em to believe ‘em”

d. “We are all individuals who can’t be easily described.”

e. “They all look alike to me.”

Question 16

A(n) ___ is a socially shared cognitive generalization about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a particular group or social category.

Select one:

a. stereotype

b. law of small numbers

c. prototype

d. extremity bias

e. group attribution error

Question 17

Jeremy went on a summer vacation to Europe and stayed in Paris for one night. He took a taxi to his hotel and felt that the driver was extremely rude. Upon his return, a friend of Jeremy’s asked him how the people in Europe were, and Jeremy responded that everyone in France is rude. Jeremy has fallen prey to the

Select one:

a. outgroup heterogeneity bias.

b. extremity bias.

c. group attribution error.

d. law of small numbers.

e. ingroup differentiation bias.

Question 18

Social identity theory argues that social categorization

Select one:

a. leads to intergroup conflict only when misperceptions occur.

b. leads to intergroup conflict only when frustration builds.

c. reduces conflict by keeping groups separate.

d. produces intergroup conflict, even in the absence of competition.

Question 19

The concept of a conflict spiral describes

Select one:

a. increased physical arousal that occurs during conflict.

b. reciprocal misperceptions that occur during conflict.

c. a method for resolving conflict.

d. increasingly negative exchanges between parties in conflict.

e. the relationship between conflict and intergroup contact.

Question 20

When Anne, a visitor to the U.S. from Europe, learns that voters elected Barack Obama, she assumes that everyone in the U.S. likes Obama. She has fallen prey to

Select one:

a. a prototype.

b. stereotyped thinking.

c. double-standard thinking.

d. the law of small numbers

e. a group attribution error.

Question 21

Personal space zones are smaller

Select one:

a. when subordinates talk to their superiors rather than their equals.

b. in the social rather than personal zone.

c. when the group is all-female rather than all-male.

d. in the United States than in Latin American.

Question 22

Professors work on complex, long-term projects where they need to concentrate without interruption. According to Duffy’s analysis of offices, professor’s would need to work in

Select one:

a. clubs.

b. cages.

c. hives.

d. dens.

e. cells.

Question 23

The idea “the more, the merrier,” is consistent with the ___ theory of crowding.

Select one:

a. control

b. stress-arousal

c. density-intensity

d. staffing

e. overload

Question 24

Vickie says, “The worst thing about big cities is being unable to do whatever you want to do; you can’t go wherever you want, or pick and choose who you will talk to.” Her reaction is best explained by a(n) ___ theory of crowding.

Select one:

a. overload

b. control

c. staffing

d. pathological

Question 25

Which is true?

Select one:

a. Most third places charge admission in order to regulate who joins.

b. Third places are more likely to exist in rural areas rather than urban settings.

c. Some third places exist online, in places such as social networking and gaming sites.

d. Most online social sites, because of their anonymity, cannot provide sufficient human connection to function as third places.

e. Third places are called third places because they are usually populated by people who root for the third place team instead of the first and second place team.

Question 26

Which one is true?

Select one:

a. The idea that people are more difficult to defeat if they are on their home turf is a myth.

b. Playing at home is a disadvantage in most sports.

c. People working with others on a cooperative task are more dominant if they must venture away from their home territory.

d. Individuals seem to gain strength and resolve when the dispute takes place on their home territory.

Question 27

Which statement is FALSE?

Select one:

a. Status and size of territory are correlated.

b. Even humans sometimes defend their territories with markers.

c. Individuals, but not groups, establish territories.

d. People feel more comfortable when they territorialize their living areas.

Question 28

Which statement is true?

b. Status and size of territory are not related.

c. Isolated groups show relatively few signs of stress.

d. Nondominant individuals usually have the largest territories.

e. People perform tasks more poorly when on their own territory.

Question 29

You are in a high density setting but don’t feel crowded because you assume your arousal is caused by the 3 energy drinks you just consumed. This reaction is consistent with the __ theory of crowding.

Select one:

a. interference

b. control

c. overload

d. density-intensity

e. attributional

Question 30

You are seated in a group supposedly listening to subliminal noise. According to research you will feel the most crowded if the group’s members are seated ___ and the noise is supposed to ___ you.

Select one:

a. close together; arouse

b. far apart; relax

c. close together; relax

d. far apart; arouse

e. close together; do nothing

Question 31

Feedback from other members to the individual is most closely associated with which therapeutic factor?

Select one:

a. interpersonal learning

b. altruism

c. universality

d. self-disclosure

e. hope

Question 32

Group interventions for disasters and traumas, such as process debriefings, are NOT always beneficial, particularly when they

Select one:

a. use standardized methods that ignore the unique characteristics of the affected individuals.

b. focus on providing information about available support services.

c. are conducted by mental health professionals.

d. stress the disclosure of emotional reactions.

e. are implemented immediately following the incident.

Question 33

Many 12-step programs build ___ into their change program by requiring long-term members to assist newcomers.

Select one:

a. fantasy

b. catharsis

c. altruism

d. insight

e. self-disclosure

Question 34

Participants in groups tend to rate ___ as the most important therapeutic factor.

Select one:

a. insight

b. guidance

c. catharsis

d. fantasy

e. altruism

Question 35

Revealing personal information is most closely associated with which therapeutic factor?

Select one:

a. altruism

b. vicarious learning

c. hope

d. universality

e. self-disclosure

Question 36

Rosseta learns to cope with her overbearing boss by listening to Edwina describe, in vivid detail, how she managed to deal with her boss. This change illustrates

Select one:

a. insight.

b. vicarious learning.

c. transference.

d. altruism.

e. positive reinforcement.

Question 37

Which statement is true?

Select one:

a. Freud and his students may have constituted one of the earliest therapy groups.

b. Unlike other therapies, psychoanalysis cannot be conducted in a group setting.

c. Psychoanalytic group therapy concentrates on current behaviors rather than one’s family history.

d. Psychoanalytic group therapy focuses on experiencing emotions fully.

Question 38

You are in your therapy group when the leader says, “You need to work on your body, and how it feels when it’s uptight. Why don’t you speak to your body as if it was sitting in that empty chair over there.” You are probably in a ___ group.

Select one:

a. sensitivity

b. psychoanalytic

c. encounter

d. Gestalt

Question 39

___ therapy groups emphasize learning and behavior.

Select one:

a. T-group

b. Gestalt

c. Psychoanalytic

d. Cognitive-behavior

e. Encounter

Question 40

____ is NOT identified by the text as a therapeutic factor in groups.

Select one:

a. Altruism

b. Guidance

c. Hope

d. Fantasy

e. Cohesion

Question 41

Just after the earthquake people were (a) very anxious and (b) very uncertain about the true nature of the situation. According to Rosnow this situation is ripe for

Select one:

a. mob formation.

b. a collective movement.

c. crowding.

d. the spread of rumors.

Question 42

Members of ___ in many cases do not occupy the same physical location.

Select one:

a. mobs

b. social movements

c. queues

d. panics

e. crowds

Question 43

Norms governing proper conduct are MOST apparent in

Select one:

a. mobs.

b. audiences.

c. panics.

d. crowds.

e. street crowds.

Question 44

The emotional and physical arousal of groups of individuals simply through the observation of arousal in others is known as

Select one:

a. hypofolia.

b. collectivism.

c. hyperfolia.

d. a fad.

e. contagion.

Question 45

The man explains his intoxication at a sporting event by saying, “Everyone always drinks at these events; it’s just the normal thing to do.” His reaction is most consistent with a(n) ___ theory of collective behavior.

Select one:

a. convergence

b. contagion

c. emergent norm

d. deindividuation

e. social identity

Question 46

Which one doesn’t fit with the others?

Select one:

a. diffusions

b. riots

c. social movements

d. fads

e. trends

Question 47

Which one is the BEST example of a collective?

Select one:

a. an expedition

b. an social network site on the Internet

c. a jury

d. a mob

Question 48

Which sequence orders these collectives from most structured to least structured?

Select one:

a. panics, queues, audiences, street crowds, mobs.

b. queues, street crowds, mobs, audiences, panics.

c. audiences, queues, panics, street crowds, mobs.

d. queues, audiences, street crowds, mobs, panics.

Question 49

___ movements aim to improve institutions whereas ___ movements aim to reverse or slow change.

Select one:

a. Reformist; reactionary

b. Revolutionary; communitarian

c. Reformist; revolutionary

d. Revolutionary; reactionary

e. Communitarian; reactionary

Question 50 ___ occurs when individuals become so submerged in a group that they lose their sense of individuality.

Select one:

a. Collective violence

b. Deindividuation

c. Angry aggression

d. Affiliation

e. Diffusion of responsibility