15 Jan After viewing the slideshow,

C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 1 EXAM

Question 1As Cecilia is getting ready for the orchestra performance in which she is about to participate, she takes time to tune her violin. She listens carefully to the pitch of each string, which is indicated by the __________ of the sound wave it produces, to determine if she needs to make an adjustment in the instrument.

Question options:

wavelength

frequency

timbre

amplitude

Question 2What is the main reason why many people do not believe that psychology is a science?

Question options:

Because much of what psychologists study may be personally experienced.

Because much of what psychologists study are abstract concepts that have no bearing on the real world.

Because psychology does not use the rigorous research methodologies of the “hard sciences” like physics and chemistry.

Because the uniqueness and individuality of every human being makes it truly impossible to generate any scientifically based theories that apply to larger groups of people.

Question 3__________ refers to the way we select, organize, and interpret sensory information.

Question options:

Sensation

Gustation

Olfaction

Perception

Question 4What did John Locke mean when he stated that the human mind is a tabula rasa?

Question options:

Human beings are naturally evil.

Human beings are like sponges that can only hold a specific amount of information.

Human beings are born with no innate knowledge.

Human beings are nothing more than the sum of our chromosomes, and we can never exceed the restrictions of genetics.

Question 5It is a commonly known fact that dogs have a much keener sense of smell than do human beings. What is not commonly known, however, is why. Because you have studied psychophysics, you know the answer to this question. What is it?

Question options:

Dogs have a better sense of smell because their sense of smell compensates for the fact that their sense of taste is so poorly developed.

Dogs have a better sense of smell because their noses are proportionally larger than the noses of human beings.

Dogs have a better sense of smell because they have far more scent receptors than do human beings.

Dogs have a better sense of smell because their olfactory processing centers are larger than the same part of the brain in human beings.

C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 2 EXAM

Question 1Dissociation and selective attention are two possible explanations for the phenomenon of __________.

Question options:

hypnotic analgesia

dissociative personality disorder

posthypnotic suggestion

hypnotic regression

Question 2Sheri has been having difficulty sleeping lately, and the problem has gotten bad enough that it is interfering with her daily functioning. At the suggesting of her physician, she goes to a sleep laboratory to see if something treatable is going on. The sleep specialists want to study her brain activity while she sleeps, so which of the following instruments is she most likely to be connected to during the night in the lab?

Question options:

an EMG machine

an EKG machine

an EEG machine

an ESP machine

Question 3What has science suggested is the reason for the rapid eye movement that occurs in human beings while they are experiencing vivid dreams?

Question options:

Dreams are visual in nature, and the eyes are responding to these intrapsychic images. This explains why even blind people experience the rapid eye movements of REM sleep.

Dreams are mediated by the frontal lobes of the cerebrum, which are located just behind and above the eyes. This explains why most of the eye movements are directed upward.

Rapid eye movement is a leftover reflex from an early stage of human development, when the eyelids were transparent nictitating membranes that allowed us to continue “seeing” (through our eyelids. while we slept. This allowed us to unconsciously monitor our surroundings for predators.

The eye movements of REM sleep are the result of an overflow to the active nervous system.

Question 4Many over-the-counter remedies have names that resemble the actual chemical or physiological mechanism that they impact. Which of the following product names would be most likely to affect your ability to sleep?

Question options:

Superseratone

Dopaminex

Melatonex

Adrenalaccel

Question 5While many Eastern cultures and religions value meditation as a way of directing consciousness away from worldly preoccupations, __________ meditation involves a focused awareness of everything you experience.

Question options:

hyper-alert

omnipresent

mindfulness

sentient

C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 3 EXAM

Question 1 “The process of memory is like using one of those ‘Storage USA’ businesses,” Professor Fisher tells her class. “You have a place to keep your stuff, but the three main processes have to work or else you’re just wasting your money. __________ is like putting stuff into the locker you rented, storage is keeping it safe there over time, and retrieval is taking it out later on when you need it.”

Question options:

Integration

Encoding

Intake

Application

Question 2While __________ conditioning focuses on spreading a reflexive response to a new precipitating stimulus, __________ conditioning utilizes an organism’s ability to associate actions with future consequences.

Question options:

operant; vicarious

vicarious; latent

latent; classical

classical; operant

Question 3The process of learning associations between two events based on repeated exposure to those stimuli is called __________.

Question options:

conditioning

instinctive drift

innate learning

associative learning

Question 4Young Rachel is in her second-grade class, when the teacher announces a new challenge. “Every time you memorize a new poem and recite it before the entire class, you will get a gold star. As soon as you get twenty gold stars, you get to pick a prize out of the prize box!” The new star chart, a beautiful grid on multicolored poster board, is placed at the front of the class for all to see. Rachel immediately pulls out her reader and looks for a poem she can memorize. What type of conditioning has Rachel’s teacher used to help stimulate a memory-enhancing activity?

Question options:

reinforcing conditioning

classical conditioning

vicarious conditioning

operant conditioning

Question 5The approach to studying learning that suggests an exclusive focus on overt, observable, and measurable responses and the discarding of references to inner thoughts, feelings, and motivations is called __________.

Question options:

functionalism

externalism

behaviorism

extrinsic exclusivity

Question 6When you study for an exam, knowing that the outcome could make or break your semester grade, you are using __________ encoding.

Question options:

imperative

affective

affected

conscious

Question 7The __________ memory is a type of sensory memory that involves visual stimuli.

Question options:

sensory

iconic

echoic

photographic

Question 8Which of the following is true about the relationship of the conditioned response (CR. to the unconditioned response (UR.?

Question options:

The CR will be much stronger than the UR in classical condition.

The CR appears before the UR in classical conditioning.

The CR and the UR refer to the same action, but they are elicited by different stimuli.

The UR is something that will eventually extinguish, but the CR remains permanently.

Question 9 When two stimuli are associated to produce a reflexive response in an organism, that animal (or person. has demonstrated __________ conditioning.

Question options:

classical

aversive

operant

associative

Question 10 __________ is the process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in future behavior.

Question options:

Cognition

Assimilation

Learning

Adaptation

C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 4 & 5 EXAM

Question 1The development of the __________ lobes of the cerebrum allows an adolescent to start developing the ability to reason.

Question options:

temporal

occipital

parietal

frontal

Question 2Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?

Question options:

changes in vocal tone

growth of the breasts

growth of facial hair

growth of the genitals

Question 3Why does exercise help to reduce memory loss and brain decline in older adults? (Select all that apply.)

Question options:

a) Because exercise reduces our need to use medications, many of which cause damage to brain cells over time.

b) Because exercise stimulates neurons and actually helps the brain to grow new cells.

c) Because exercise helps increase the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the brain.

d)Because exercise helps to remove toxins from our system that are stored in fat cells.

Question 4Daniel is interested in studying how children’s behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research and observes these children once a year for twenty years. Despite the fact that this research is very time consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a __________ study.

Question options

sequential

longitudinal

cross-sectional

continuous

Question 5Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise into the way in which people experience physical, cognitive, and social changes over the course of their lives. The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.

Question options:

developmental

child

social

ecological

Question 6Kayla was talking to her twelve-month-old daughter, and was talking in a very high-pitched, exaggerated voice. Experts refer to this sort of communication as __________.

Question options:

babbling

infant-oriented speech

motherese

cooing

Question 7Which part of the brain experiences the greatest growth between the ages of three and six years?

Question options:

temporal lobes

parietal lobes

frontal lobes

occipital lobes

Question 8Why is it easier for men to make the psychological adjustment to the physical changes of andropause than it is for women to adjust to the physical changes of menopause?

Question options:

Because research suggests that being male makes a person more psychologically resilient to changes in all areas of life.

Because the loss of estrogen makes women far more emotional than men, who are simply seeing a reduction in testosterone.

Because it is far easier to hide the symptoms of andropause than it is to hide the symptoms of menopause.

Because the changes associated with andropause are more subtle and appear over a longer period of time.

Question 9Though the recent research has its problems, it has suggested which of the following trends about intelligence changes as we age?

Question options:

Intelligence is generally very stable, and may even increase into later adulthood.

Intelligence is a very static phenomenon – there are no significant changes that occur over the course of the lifespan.

Intelligence is an inverted U-shaped curve – it starts low, increases through childhood into adulthood, and then shows a significant decline as we get over the age of seventy years.

Intelligence is a linear phenomenon – it slowly increases as we age from childhood to adulthood, getting higher the older we get.

Question 10By the time a child reaches the age of around eighteen months, he or she will start rapidly learning new words and associating them with their meanings. In fact, children at this age may learn up to __________ new nouns every day!

Question options:

ten

twenty-five

forty-five

sixty

C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 6 & 7 EXAM

Question 1There are three primary components to the experiencing of any emotion. They are __________.

Question options:

conventional, preconventional, and postconventional components

physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive experience

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 2Thirteen-year-old Debbie is attempting to jump off of the high diving board for the very first time. Though she does not have a pathological fear of heights, the concept of jumping off of a ten-meter board is very stressful for her. As she walks to the edge of the board, her heart begins to pound and she gets goose bumps on her skin. These responses refer to the __________ component of an emotion.

Question options:

expressive behavior

affective relay

cognitive experience

physiological arousal

Question 3Which of the following has been found by research into having a social support system and physical health?

Question options:

Women who have social support systems are more likely to get breast cancer screenings.

Men who do not have social support systems are more likely to suffer from alcoholism.

Adolescent girls with social support systems are paradoxically more likely to develop an eating disorder.

Adolescents who have social support systems are less likely to engage in risky behavior, including drugs and unprotected sex.

Question 4Despite the fact that a prefrontal lobotomy can, in fact, help to reduce the intensity of emotions, it also has the side effect of __________.

Question options:

causing severe long-term memory loss

interrupting motor skills in the legs and feet

causing the hallucinations and delusions often associated with schizophrenia

impairing a person’s ability to plan or manage their life

Question 5Which of the following can cause a genetic male to develop female external genitalia?

Question options:

Klinefelter syndrome

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Wolffian androgynous syndrome

Müllerian atrophication syndrome

Question 6In the culture of India, a __________ refers to an individual who occupies the “third gender,” and is neither a man nor a woman.

Question options:

kathoey

hijra

winkte

koro

Question 7Jason’s wife, Mitzi, told him, “I think you should know that I’m pregnant!” After he regained consciousness and got some of the color back in his face, Jason started thinking about what life would be like as a father, imagining all of the joys and struggles that would be involved. Jason’s process of imagining how he would feel about something that might happen in the future is called affective __________.

Question options:

fantasizing

broadcasting

mulling

forecasting

Question 8 “Turn that frown upside down, mister!” Maybe you heard this line from a grandparent at some point in your life. Okay, if you are a girl, maybe it was “missy,” but you get the point! According to the __________ hypothesis, smiling can, in fact, cause you to become happier!

Question options:

myographic stimulation

facial feedback

positive muscular

masking

Question 9Given recent advances in our understanding of the complexities of gender, which of the following courses of action are doctors more willing to consider when dealing with an intersex baby?

Question options:

Doctors are more willing to let parents decide which gender they want their child to be, and then take the medical steps necessary to make those changes occur.

Doctors are more willing to use hormones prior to birth to allow intersex babies to develop normal genitalia on their own.

Doctors are more willing to use plastic surgery to adjust intersex individuals’ genitalia shortly after birth.

Doctors are more willing to leave intersex individuals’ genitalia intact and unaltered.

Question 10What is the relationship between the terms “mood” and “emotion?”

Question options:

A mood is part of an emotion, but an emotion is not part of a mood.

An emotion is a response to a specific stimulus, while a mood is a more general free-floating feeling that does not relate directly to a stimulus.

An emotion is part of a mood, but a mood is not a part of an emotion.

A mood has an affective component, while an emotion has an expressive and a physiological component.

C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 8 EXAM

Question 1Which of the following factors mentioned in your chapter has been found to contribute to an increase in aggressive behaviors?

Question options:

having new responsibilities “dropped” on you at work

sitting in traffic

hot weather

being an only child

Question 2Evelyn is in a particularly bad mood because the promotion that she’d hoped to receive at the bank where she works did not come through. When she gets home, and her children come running up to her with several demands, she yells at them to go in the other room and leave her alone. Evelyn’s outburst is explained by the __________ hypothesis.

Question options:

frustration-aggression

mere exposure

conflict projection

reciprocal altruism

Question 3Social psychologist Leon Festinger coined the term cognitive __________ to refer to a disconnect between a person’s internal attitudes and his or her external behavior.

Question options:

disproportionality

discontinuity

inattentiveness

dissonance

Question 4Research into the mere exposure phenomenon finds that simple exposure between two groups of people is not enough to reduce prejudice, but rather __________.

Question options:

groups exposed to each other will be able to reduce prejudice as long as the reasons for their feelings are not actively discussed, thus preventing arguments that can lead to violence

groups will only reduce prejudice if they interact in a setting where negativity and prejudice are overtly and covertly discouraged, like in a church or temple

groups being exposed to those about whom they hold prejudice only serves to increase those tensions

groups working together in a cooperative manner helps reduce prejudice

Question 5Which of the following factors is not related to an increased tendency to cooperate with others?

Question options:

having no concern about damage to your own reputation

experiencing norms of fairness

feeling a high level of personal accountability

experiencing a shared identity with a group

C04V Introduction to Psychology
Assignment 4

C04J Introduction to Psychology

Directions: Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the “Assignment Format” page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements.

Part A

For Part A of this assignment, you will apply the principles of operant conditioning to modify an existing behavior. Target a behavior to be modified, either an undesirable behavior that you would like to eliminate or a desirable behavior that you would like to strengthen.

1. Generate a plausible explanation for why the problem exists.

2. Describe one (1) reason why you want to change the behavior and one (1) benefit the change will bring.

3. Carefully design a program for modifying the behavior, making sure to include all relevant conditioning principles incorporated within your plan (which might include the use of positive and negative reinforcers, punishment, shaping, schedules of reinforcement, modeling, extinction, stimulus discrimination or generalization, primary and secondary reinforcers, and so on.) Your plan should include three (3) steps.

Part B

Design a series of test items that would indicate the different intelligences according to Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. Provide one (1) original example of how you would test each of the eight (8) different intelligences.

C04V Introduction to Psychology

Assignment 8

C04I Introduction to Psychology

Directions: Be sure to save an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be four (4) double-spaced pages; refer to the “Assignment Format” page located on the Course Home page for specific format requirements.

Part A

For Part A of this assignment, choose a movie, book, or television show that depicts a character or character(s) suffering from mental illness. Write a paper analyzing a character’s illness in terms of one or more of the theoretical perspectives (e.g., biological, psychoanalytic, cognitive-behavioral, biopsychosocial) presented in the text.

1. Describe the character’s diagnosis in terms of the DSM-IV. Make sure to include two (2) criteria that the character meets.

2. Describe one (1) perspective(s) of mental illness that best explains the development of the character’s symptoms, along with two (2) facts to support your position.

3. Describe any treatment received by the character. Describe two (2) reasons that you would recommend similar or different treatment. If the character did not receive treatment, describe the type of treatment you would recommend with two (2) supporting facts.

Suggested movies include:

• Beautiful Mind (2001).

• Girl, Interrupted (1999).

• Fatal Attraction (1987).

• Sybil (1977).

• One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1975).

• Play Misty for Me (1971).

Suggested television shows include:

• Wilfred.

• Perception.

• Alphas.

Part B

For Part B of this assignment, go online to the following Web page: http://www.prisonexp.org/ Take a tour through the slide show, which shows actual footage of the Stanford Prison study.

After viewing the slideshow, respond to the following questions. Your response should be one (1) page in length.

1. Describe one (1) factor that prevented “good guards” from objecting or countermanding the orders from tough or bad guards.

2. Describe one (1) reason why prisoners try to work within the arbitrary prison system to effect a change in it (e.g., setting up a Grievance Committee), rather than trying to dismantle or change the system through outside help.

3. Describe two (2) factors would lead prisoners to attribute guard brutality to the guards’ disposition or character, rather than to the situation.

4. Was it ethical to conduct this study? Provide two (2) reasons to support your position.