15 Jan auditory encoding

C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 3 EXAM

Question 1 “The process of memory is like using one of those ‘Storage USA’ businesses,” Professor Fisher tells her class. “You have a place to keep your stuff, but the three main processes have to work or else you’re just wasting your money. __________ is like putting stuff into the locker you rented, storage is keeping it safe there over time, and retrieval is taking it out later on when you need it.”

Question options:

Integration

Encoding

Intake

Application

Question 2While __________ conditioning focuses on spreading a reflexive response to a new precipitating stimulus, __________ conditioning utilizes an organism’s ability to associate actions with future consequences.

Question options:

operant; vicarious

vicarious; latent

latent; classical

classical; operant

Question 3The process of learning associations between two events based on repeated exposure to those stimuli is called __________.

Question options:

conditioning

instinctive drift

innate learning

associative learning

Question 4Young Rachel is in her second-grade class, when the teacher announces a new challenge. “Every time you memorize a new poem and recite it before the entire class, you will get a gold star. As soon as you get twenty gold stars, you get to pick a prize out of the prize box!” The new star chart, a beautiful grid on multicolored poster board, is placed at the front of the class for all to see. Rachel immediately pulls out her reader and looks for a poem she can memorize. What type of conditioning has Rachel’s teacher used to help stimulate a memory-enhancing activity?

Question options:

reinforcing conditioning

classical conditioning

vicarious conditioning

operant conditioning

Question 5The approach to studying learning that suggests an exclusive focus on overt, observable, and measurable responses and the discarding of references to inner thoughts, feelings, and motivations is called __________.

Question options:

functionalism

externalism

behaviorism

extrinsic exclusivity

Question 6When you study for an exam, knowing that the outcome could make or break your semester grade, you are using __________ encoding.

Question options:

imperative

affective

affected

conscious

Question 7The __________ memory is a type of sensory memory that involves visual stimuli.

Question options:

sensory

iconic

echoic

photographic

Question 8Which of the following is true about the relationship of the conditioned response (CR. to the unconditioned response (UR.?

Question options:

The CR will be much stronger than the UR in classical condition.

The CR appears before the UR in classical conditioning.

The CR and the UR refer to the same action, but they are elicited by different stimuli.

The UR is something that will eventually extinguish, but the CR remains permanently.

Question 9 When two stimuli are associated to produce a reflexive response in an organism, that animal (or person. has demonstrated __________ conditioning.

Question options:

classical

aversive

operant

associative

Question 10 __________ is the process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in future behavior.

Question options:

Cognition

Assimilation

Learning

Adaptation

Question 11At a nightclub one evening, you are introduced to someone who you think is absolutely amazing – attractive, friendly, and well spoken – and you are beaming when you come away from that conversation with a telephone number. Because you have nothing to write with, however, you continue repeating the number to yourself so you won’t forget it until you write it down or store it in your cell phone. This process of repeating a stimulus again and again to keep it active in your memory is called __________.

Question options:

semantic verbalization

working stimulation

rote rehearsal

repetitive activation

Question 12When you are asked to “clear your mind and think of nothing,” this tends to be a very difficult feat to accomplish. Various images, thoughts, and “sounds” go flashing through your mind. The harder you try to think of nothing, the harder it is to think of nothing. Based on your reading of the chapter, why is “clear your mind” such a paradoxical instruction?

Question options:

Because you are being given this instruction when you are surrounded by stimuli. Even if you close your eyes, the incoming information is impossible to block out.

Because the electrical impulses of the brain make the concept of “thinking of nothing” an impossibility.

Because your attention has been directed toward your own thoughts, which makes it difficult not to think of anything.

Because the physiological processes involved in thinking of “nothing” can only function when you are asleep or otherwise unconscious.

Question 13 “I’ll never forget the day my daughter was born,” said Lakia’s mother. “I remember the people who were there, what they were wearing, how I felt, and the joy of seeing her for the first time!” Clearly, the birth of her daughter was a __________ to Lakia’s mother.

Question options:

photographic

explicit

eidetic

flashbulb

Question 14 With regard to the three-stage model of memory suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin, what has recent research found?

Question options:

There are, in fact, more than three types of memory storage.

The model is very accurate, as supported by the fact that people with sensory impairment like blindness or deafness have memory systems that are far less reliable than those without such deficits.

Encoding is a process whose importance was overestimated by Atkinson and Shiffrin, since only information to which we consciously attend is actually encoded.

It is possible for information to make it into our long-term memory without going through the first two stages of the model.

Question 15Mort is going to the supermarket to pick up seven items – a toilet brush, shampoo, apples, toothpicks, baby diapers, a birthday card, and pasta. He has them written down in this order on his shopping list, but he gets to the store and finds that he’s left the list at home. He finds the first few things and the last few things on his list, but for all of his effort he cannot remember that he needed toothpicks. This tendency to forget things that came in the middle of a list of items is called the __________ effect.

Question options:

recency

primacy

serial position

pseudo-forgetting

Question 16Research has found that the __________ becomes activated during challenging working-memory tasks.

Question options:

limbic system

amygdala

frontal lobe

cerebellum

Question 17 __________ forgetting is a type of forgetting in which a person is specifically told to forget about certain information.

Question options:

Requested

Demanded

Cued

Directed

Question 18Some of the earliest psychologists to take up the challenge of studying learning were of the __________ school of thought, which suggested that we can only study that which can be seen and observed.

Question options:

behavioral

nomothetic

ideographic

empirical

Question 19The __________ distinction refers to the difference between what a person learns and its application on that particular day.

Question options:

application-theory

learning-performance

diathetical

qualitative-quantitative

Question 20Which type of encoding tends to lead to the longest amount of retention?

Question options:

visual encoding

auditory encoding

semantic encoding

iconic encoding