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C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 8 EXAM

Question 1Which of the following factors mentioned in your chapter has been found to contribute to an increase in aggressive behaviors?

Question options:

having new responsibilities “dropped” on you at work

sitting in traffic

hot weather

being an only child

Question 2Evelyn is in a particularly bad mood because the promotion that she’d hoped to receive at the bank where she works did not come through. When she gets home, and her children come running up to her with several demands, she yells at them to go in the other room and leave her alone. Evelyn’s outburst is explained by the __________ hypothesis.

Question options:

frustration-aggression

mere exposure

conflict projection

reciprocal altruism

Question 3Social psychologist Leon Festinger coined the term cognitive __________ to refer to a disconnect between a person’s internal attitudes and his or her external behavior.

Question options:

disproportionality

discontinuity

inattentiveness

dissonance

Question 4Research into the mere exposure phenomenon finds that simple exposure between two groups of people is not enough to reduce prejudice, but rather __________.

Question options:

groups exposed to each other will be able to reduce prejudice as long as the reasons for their feelings are not actively discussed, thus preventing arguments that can lead to violence

groups will only reduce prejudice if they interact in a setting where negativity and prejudice are overtly and covertly discouraged, like in a church or temple

groups being exposed to those about whom they hold prejudice only serves to increase those tensions

groups working together in a cooperative manner helps reduce prejudice

Question 5Which of the following factors is not related to an increased tendency to cooperate with others?

Question options:

having no concern about damage to your own reputation

experiencing norms of fairness

feeling a high level of personal accountability

experiencing a shared identity with a group

Question 6The work of Solomon Asch showed how __________, or susceptibility to the opinions of others, can cause people to conform.

Question options:

social inhibition

suggestibility

diffuse social boundaries

persuasiveness

Question 7One form of a self-fulfilling prophecy is called a stereotype __________, where people who are aware of a negative stereotype directed against them might perform down to the level of expectation that they believe exists about them.

Question options:

exposure

threat

bias

confirmation

Question 8Which of the following is an accurate limitation of all personality questionnaires?

Question options:

The questions are more difficult for children to answer, and thus they cause us to over-pathologize kids.

The questions tend to be racially biased in favor of white individuals.

The questions tend to be transparent, so it is possible to present yourself differently than you actually are.

The questions favor male respondents and handicap female respondents.

Question 9Omar is walking through the shopping mall with three of his buddies, when all of the sudden they come across a curious scene. Four girls are verbally abusing a fifth girl, and it is clear that a physical altercation is about to occur. Omar stands quietly watching the scene, until two of his friends step in to try to break up the fracas. When they intervene, Omar steps in as well, providing greater assurance that a fight is not going to take place. In this case, Omar’s group of friends served as a __________ group for Omar’s behavior.

Question options:

pressure

conformity

normative

reference

Question 10A __________ attribution looks at __________ factors, while a __________ attribution looks at __________ factors.

Question options:

situational; external; dispositional; internal

biased; influenced; unbiased; genuine

dispositional; external; situational; internal

biased: genuine; unbiased; influenced

Question 11The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting data that is person-oriented and focuses on how the unique parts of a person’s personality form a consistent whole.

Question options:

individualistic

nomothetic

idiosyncratic

idiographic

Question 12If you are driving along and you get a flat tire, in which of the following circumstances are you most likely to receive help?

Question options:

If you are on the side of a busy highway and you open your trunk lid to indicate that there is a problem.

If you are in the parking lot of a movie theater right after a popular, sold-out movie lets out.

If you are near a crowded park where there are a lot of people picnicking.

If you are on a remote country road where only one or two cars drive by each hour

Question 13What has research found about the nearly universal human desire to be accepted and well-liked by others?

Question options:

Wanting to be well-liked by others is an entirely psychological phenomenon that has nothing to do with our physical well-being.

Society is becoming more and more tolerant of people who are on the “fringe” of normal and accepted behavior because the desire to be well-liked overwhelms the desire to judge others.

Those who are isolated from society but who are happy in their isolation are as healthy as others, suggesting that the approval motive is not, in fact, universal.

Wanting to be well-liked by others helps us survive by boosting health and reducing vulnerability to illness.

Question 14Wendy is walking down the street when she suddenly falls down and lands squarely on her backside. A group of girls standing about fifty feet away start laughing hysterically, telling each other what a klutz that Wendy is. The unsympathetic girls in this group are making a(n. __________ attribution to explain why Wendy fell down.

Question options:

situational

negative

positive

dispositional

Question 15People who are highly motivated and very able to understand a persuasive message are likely to be persuaded through the central route, while people who are not tend to be persuaded through the peripheral route. This is the main concept of the __________ model.

Question options:

Pygmalion

foot-in-the-door

persuasion paradigm

elaboration likelihood

Question 16The __________ effect is the tendency for people to behave in accordance with others’ expectations.

Question options

self-serving

social influence

external attributional

Pygmalion

Question 17In terms of the five-factor model of personality, an individual who is grouchy and difficult to get along with, and who is also stubborn and refuses to try new things, would be described as __________.

Question options:

low on extraversion and high on emotional instability

low on agreeableness and low on extraversion

low on conscientiousness and low on emotional instability

low on openness to experience and low on agreeableness

Question 18The fact that many American citizens don’t vote in the presidential election is often explained by the fact that individuals do not believe that their vote matters. They think that being just one vote in a nation of millions makes them unimportant. In a general way, this is an example of social __________.

Question options:

loafing

deindividuation

diffusion

anomie

Question 19What is the basic underlying reason why we tend to make attributional mistakes?

Question options:

We generally do not pay enough attention to our surroundings, and thus miss essential information that would help us avoid attributional mistakes.

We generally are quick to assume the worst of intents in other people, so this leads us to attributional mistakes.

We are more concerned with getting an attribution made quickly than getting it made correctly, and this causes us to make mistakes.

We don’t have enough information to know why a person behaved as they did, so we make rapid assumptions.

Question 20Which of the following is not one of the conditions that influenced obedience in the Stanley Milgram experiment?

Question options:

An intermediary bystander is present.

The participant is affected by normative and informational influence.

The victim is kept at a distance and is depersonalized.

the promise of an increased reward or incentive for increased obedience