26 Jan Houston is having an issue with

Exam 1

Question 1

Houston is having an issue with theft, so the Mayor decides that the only way to reduce theft in the city is to increase the penalty for theft in hopes to deter potential thieves. The City Council agreed to increase the penalty for theft. However, thefts continued to increase around the city. Which of the following alternatives to research is the Mayor using?

Question 2

What type of research is often necessary when we know very little about a new or emerging social trend?

Question 3

“A recent proposal by the Bigton Police Department is to not dispatch officers to take stolen vehicle reports. Instead the vehicle owner would enter the appropriate information into an online system and get the case number needed to file an insurance claim. The City Manager rejects the proposal, arguing, “”The good people of Bigton deserve a living and breathing police officer when they call one. That is just the way we ve always done things around here.”” Which of the following alternatives to research is the City Manager using?”

Question 4

The Captain of the Narcotics Unit in a large metropolitan police department hears that prescription drug abuse is growing among juveniles in her city. She asks one of her lieutenants to conduct research to determine the extent of this new trend. Into which of the following research categories would this research project best fit?

Question 5

“Because the steps must be completed in a certain order, the research process is; ”

Question 6

“Because researchers often find it necessary to revisit the steps, the research process is; ”

Question 7

“Because research often results in additional questions for future research, the research process is; ”

Question 8

What is the potential harm when a criminal justice researcher interviews violent criminal offenders in their home?

Question 9

“What is the potential harm when a researcher asks respondents to disclose their names, addresses and information on their criminal behavior? ”

Question 10

What is the potential harm when an interview asks young sexual assault victims to recount the details of their victimization?

Question 11

“When it is not possible for anybody, including the researcher, to determine the identities of the research subjects using the information they provide on a survey, we say that research subjects have been granted; ”

Question 12

When a researcher knows but agrees not to disclose her research subjects´ identities she has likely assured them of;

Question 13

Researchers should secure consent from research subjects prior to gathering information from them. This consent must be both;

Question 14

“Which of the following groups of research subjects would be considered a vulnerable population, requiring a more detailed review by an Institutional Review Board? ”

Question 15

Researchers who intend to gather information from human subjects should seek the approval for their research from an Institutional Review Board;

Question 16

Research means…

Question 17

If you rely on expert opinion about a criminal justice issue, what alternative to research are you using?

Question 18

Compared to the physical sciences, like biology, chemistry, or physics, research methods in social sciences, like criminal justice, sociology, or economics are:

Question 19

Conceptualization is…

Question 20

Operationalization is…

Question 21

What is a statement, written in the form of a rule or guideline, about what the data must reveal for the researcher to confirm his or her hypothesis?

Question 22

The purpose of the Stanford Prison Experiment was to…

Question 23

The Stanford Prison Experiment was developed by which researcher?

Question 24

What research project was discussed in the PowerPoint and video that specifically dealt with legal harm to its participants?

Question 25

If you’re conducting field observations of gang members in a high crime area and you assign two graduate students to hang out with the gang members in the high crime areas, what is the potential ethical violation here?

Question 26

This codifies statements of principles that guide professional behavior or practice:

Question 27

A researcher conducting research to determine if low self-esteem is a cause of crime, is best described as a(n):

Question 28

To understand the changing demographic characteristics of juvenile offenders, a researcher will survey a random sample of 1,000 juvenile offenders every 5 years over the next 15 years. What is the time dimension of this research project?

Question 29

A researcher will conduct a survey of 100 women who are victims of domestic violence to determine the circumstances surrounding their decision to call the police for help. What is the time dimension of this research project?

Question 30

After observing their behavior for several months, a researcher theorized that correctional officers become personally detached from inmates as a means of reducing the stress associated with their professional responsibilities. What method of reasoning is this researcher using?

Question 31

Because the research suggests that police officers are more likely as a group to experience alcoholism, the chief of police concluded that Officer Smith’s recent illness was likely caused by his excessive drinking. Which type of logical error did the chief of police commit?

Question 32

After completing research on crimes committed by girls, a researcher concludes that when girls commit crimes, they do not consider their behavior criminal. Instead they consider their behavior a normal response to social inequality. What research paradigm is this researcher following?

Question 33

A criminal justice professor does a lot of research on the effect of poverty on juvenile delinquency. She hopes to use her research findings to provide information on how to structure poverty reduction programs. What research paradigm is this research following?

Question 34

The time dimension of a survey given to college freshman every year for 10 years is:

Question 35

A researcher who objectively measures age by the number of anniversaries of a person’s birthdate isusing what type of measure?

Question 36

A researcher who subjectively measures age based on responses to questions about economic and social independence is using what type of measure?

Question 37

A researcher who theorizes that Southerners are more violent and then collects data to test this theory is using what type of reasoning?

Question 38

A researcher who notices that Southerners appear to be more aggressive and develops a theory that Southerners are more violent is using what type of reasoning?

Question 39

There is only one ‘best way’ to conduct research.

Question 40

The research process is a set of specific steps that, when done correctly, produce data.

Question 41

The four objectives of the research process are to answer a research question or a set of research questions, resolve disagreements among researchers, fill gaps within the body of knowledge, and produce more research questions.

Question 42

Research questions are statements that make some claim.

Question 43

Which type of research describes a social phenomena?

Question 44

Which type of research attempts to find a cause for social trends and phenomena, it asks ‘why?’?

Question 45

What type of research is conducted for the purpose of expanding the body of knowledge?

Question 46

What type of research is intended to collect the information necessary to solve a specific problem?

Question 47

This ethical principle means that during the research process the researcher should never do anything that will hurt another person or put any person in danger

Question 48

Which principle of ethical research states that researchers should respect an individual’s right to be left alone and ensure that the personal information of research subjects will not be inappropriately divulged?

Question 49

Which principle of ethical research states that researchers should not lie about or fabricate their research findings, represent another person’s work as their own, or sanction another person’s work without conducting a careful analysis?

Question 50

What type of research misrepresentation involves lying about or fabricating research findings?

Exam 2

Question 1

“A recent analysis of domestic violence in a northern city reveals that domestic violence incidents tend to increase during the coldest months of the year (i.e. winter) and decrease during the warmest months of the year (i.e. summer). In this case, we would say which of the following about the correlation between temperature and domestic violence; ”

Question 2

The variable income (in dollars) is measured at what level of measurement?

Question 3

What level of measurement includes categories that can be rank ordered, but do not have equal differences between their attributes?

Question 4

The variable race (Caucasian, African American, Asian) is measured at what level of measurement?

Question 5

The variable age (in years) is measured at what level of measurement?

Question 6

Which of the following levels of measurement is the most precise?

Question 7

The extent to which a measure accurately measures what it purports to measure is referred to as the measure s;

Question 8

The extent to which a measure consistently measures a social phenomenon is referred to as the measure s;

Question 9

What type of validity refers to the extend to which a measure corresponds to other variables that are related to the underlying variable we are interested in studying?

Question 10

If we asked someone whether she has been arrested for a crime and then compared her answers to official arrest records, what type of validity would we be using?

Question 11

What type of validity refers to the degree to which a measure includes every dimension of the concept?

Question 12

What type of reliability refers to when a researcher uses previous research or generally agreed upon standards to test the reliability of a new measure?

Question 13

What type of reliability refers to when a researcher administers the measure twice to the same group to see if the results are similar?

Question 14

What type of measure is a single number that represents a compilation of other measures?

Question 15

A police officer develops a way to classify her colleagues in terms of their professionalism on the job. The categories are career officer, work-a-day officer, and slacker officer. This measure is best described as a(n):

Question 16

A recent analysis of domestic violence incidents across the United States revealed that domestic violence incidents in northern cities tend to increase during warm months and decrease during cold months. In this case, we would say which of the following about the correlation between temperature and domestic violence incidents?

Question 17

What type of reliabiity refers to when a researcher splits a measure in half and administers each half to two similar groups?

Question 18

A researcher is interested in bullying but learns it is difficult to differentiate between actual bullying and normal playful interactions between third graders during recess. After developing her definition of bullying, she asks her three graduate students to observe behavior at an elementary school during recess and identify bullying incidents. At the end of the day, the researcher compares the independent results of the three researchers. What type of reliability is this researcher using?

Question 19

What is the most common type of scale?

Question 20

A formal statement that predicts how a change in one or more variables might cause a change in another variable is called a(n):

Question 21

A variable that is alleged to cause a change to another variable is referred to as a(n):

Question 22

A variable that is alleged to be changed because of another variable is referred to as a(n):

Question 23

The independent variable in the hypothesis ‘Police officers who pursue hobbies unrelated to their profession are less likely to develop cardiovascular disease’ is:

Question 24

The dependenr variable in the hypothesis ‘Young, male African-American motorists are more likely to be searched by a police officer during a stop’ is:

Question 25

The intervening variable in the hypothesis ‘Inmates who successfully complete a degree in prison are less likely to recidivate, unless they are released to the same social environment where they lived prior to their incarceration’ is:

Question 26

A set of attributes for a variable that allows for one and only one response is said to be:

Question 27

A set of attributes for a variable that reasonably includes all possible responses is said to be:

Question 28

The hypothesis ‘there is no correlation between regular church attendance and juvenile delinquency’ is a(n):

Question 29

The hypothesis ‘mandatory exercise programs reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease among career police officers’ is a(n):

Question 30

The hypothesis, Female professors are less likely than male professors to give out A’s is an example of a…?

Question 31

The hypothesis, the more impaired an offender is with respect to drug consumption, the more violent their crime is a…

Question 32

You have completed a study on the alleged causal relationship between the moon phase and street crime. You determined that there is no correlation between the phase of the moon and the rate of reported street crimes, despite the fact that many of your colleagues in the police department strongly believe there is. Your research reveals that the relationship between the moon phase and street crime is:

Question 33

A study of juvenile delinquency reveals a strong correlation between illegal drug use and delinquent acts. The researcher concludes that illegal drug use is the cause of delinquent acts. Looking at the same data, another researcher comes to the conclusion that delinquent acts lead to illegal drug use. Which causal rule are both researchers forgetting here?

Question 34

Spuriousness means:

Question 35

If the statement ‘A lack of education is a cause of crime,’ is true, then which variable must have happened first?

Question 36

The lowest (least precise) level of measurement is called:

Question 37

Similar to nominal or ordinal level variables, a type of variable that has a fixed number of attributes is called:

Question 38

Similar to an interval or ratio level variable, a type of variable that has an almost unlimited number of values is called:

Question 39

A researcher who uses height as a measure of annual income likely has a problem with:

Question 40

A researcher who uses a survey written in English when half of his repondents do not speak English likely has a problem with:

Question 41

A variable that occurs between an independent and dependent variable and affects the relationship between them is called a(n):

Question 42

The different characteristics or values that a variable can take on are called:

Question 43

A statement that alleges no plausible connection between two or more variables is called a(n):

Question 44

A predictive statement that alleges a plausible connection between two or more variables is called a(n):

Question 45

Which of the following is a variable?

Question 46

If crime increases following an increase in gang activities, then the correlation between crime and gang activity is:

Question 47

A line graph that remains horizontal from left to right is representative of:

Question 48

If ‘A’ happens before ‘B’ and there is a predictable correlation between these two variables, is that enough to conclude that ‘A’ is a cause of ‘B’?

Question 49

The causal rule that the cause must precede (happen before) the effect is referred to as:

Question 50

If body weight decreases after sustained physical exercise, then the correlation between body weight and calorie intake is:

Exam 3

Question 1

The scientific basis that allows researchers to use samples to predict conditions within a larger population is called the:

Question 2

A(n) __________ is a research method that measures how much, if any, an independent variable causes a change to the dependent variable.

Question 3

What refers to the difference between the results the researcher gets from the sample and the results the researcher might have gotten had he or she actually polled the entire population?

Question 4

What refers to any process that systematically increases or decreases the chances that certain members of a population will be selected into the sample?

Question 5

If we want to study participants in a particular drug treatment program, we ask the program administrators for a list of all past and present participants. Using this list, we can select a subset of these participants for our sample.What is this list an example of?

Question 6

A researcher draws names out of a hat to see which police officers in a particular precinct will be interviewed for a study on workplace satisfaction. This probability sampling technique is best defined as

Question 7

_____________ typically occurs when the members of a population are more accessible in natural groups, such as churches, schools, or organizations

Question 8

What sampling technique would a researcher use if they suspect gender is an important factor to their research, so he or she wants to be sure the sample contains an equal number of males and females?

Question 9

What type of sampling technique does a researcher use a structured process to randomly select cases into a sample? For example, every 10th case

Question 10

The group that is exposed to the treatment or stimulus believed to cause a change in the dependent variable is known as the;

Question 11

_______ is the independent variable that the researcher alleges will be the cause of a change in the dependent variable

Question 12

What type of experimental design model is sometimes referred to as the classic experimental design model because it includes an experimental group, a control group, a treatment, a pretest, and a posttest?

Question 13

An experiment applies a treatment to a single experimental group and measures the dependent variable both before and after the application of this treatment. What type of experimental design is being used?

Question 14

What type of experimental design includes the basic elements of the experimental design model plus a control group, but does not include a pretest?

Question 15

An experiment has two experimental groups and two control groups; a treatment or stimulus that is applied only to the experimental groups; pretests that measure the dependent variable prior to the treatment for one of the experimental groups and one of the control groups; and posttests that measure the dependent variable after exposure to the treatment for all groups. What type of experimental design is being used

Question 16

Which type of experimental design only has the basic elements of the experimental design model?

Question 17

Using a ________, the researcher measures the dependent variable after the treatment has been administered.

Question 18

__________ refers to the ability of an experimental design to document the causal relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable.

Question 19

External validity is related to which of the following research methods concepts?

Question 20

_______ refers to when a threat to the internal validity of an experiment occurs naturally within the research subjects themselves.

Question 21

_____ occurs when research subjects have an awareness that they are being measured, which causes a change in their behavior

Question 22

_____ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when, for whatever reason, research subjects become unavailable to the researcher during an experiment.

Question 23

_____ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when external events unrelated to the experiment affect research subjects.

Question 24

______ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when research subjects are exposed to a pretest prior to the treatment that can change the outcome of the posttest.

Question 25

_____ occurs when there may be an initial treatment effect, but the effect diminishes over time, indicating that the independent variable has no long-term effect.

Question 26

_______ occurs when there is a failure to ensure that the subjects assigned to the experimental and control groups are more or less equivalent with respect to the variables that might influence the dependent variable.

Question 27

Which survey format is of low cost, can provide wide coverage of the population, allows research subjects anonymity, and reduces the potential for interviewer bias?

Question 28

A survey researcher wants the maximum response rate but might need to provide the respondents with visual images to explain questions. Which of the following survey formats would be the most appropriate in this research situation?

Question 29

A survey researcher wants to reach respondents from different nations and to provide respondents surveys written in the language with which they are most comfortable. Which of the following survey formats would be the most appropriate in this research situation?

Question 30

_________________ are questions that lead a respondent to answer in a certain way.

Question 31

The survey question, “Are the officers that work for the SO generally courteous?” is poorly worded. What is the problem with this question?

Question 32

________ are two questions in one

Question 33

The survey question, “Do you think the government should spend more money on the military to avoid a catastrophic invasion of the country?” is poorly worded. What is the problem with this question?

Question 34

The survey question, “Experts suggest that children who experience child abuse are more likely to abuse their partners as adults. Do you believe this?” is poorly worded. What is the problem with this question?

Question 35

_______ response sets allow respondents to write their own responses to questions, but in a less structured way.

Question 36

_______ response sets allow the respondent to enter specific information into a blank space or box.

Question 37

_______ response sets can be used to specify a standard set of responses from which the respondent must choose.

Question 38

___________ are used to measure the respondents’ attentiveness while responding to the statements.

Question 39

__________ is a scientific technique that allows a researcher to learn something about a population by studying a few members of that population.

Question 40

What sampling technique refers to when the sample consists of individuals who are readily available to the researcher?

Question 41

What sampling technique refers to when the sample consists of individuals who are referred to the researcher individually by previous research subjects?

Question 42

A _____________ is the entire set of individuals or groups that is relevant to a research project.

Question 43

Probability sampling techniques rely on random selection and allow researchers to predict what is happening in the larger population from which the sample came.

Question 44

Survey research methods are data collection procedures or processes that involve the use of a survey or interview instrument wherein individuals or groups are asked to respond to questions and/or statements

Question 45

A researcher contacts every police department in the United States and asks them what color of uniforms their officers wear. What is the researcher doing in this case?

Question 46

Which of the following statements about survey length is most accurate?

Question 47

Which of the following statements about survey research is accurate?

Question 48

What is a survey instrument?

Question 49

The purpose of pretesting a survey instrument is to;

Question 50

What can be said about the following statement: Results from a non-probability sample can be inferred to the larger population from which the sample was obtained.

Homework 1 Research Proposal Topic

The objective of this homework assignment is to assist you with developing a research topic and question(s). The points in the following pages are to assist you in developing your research topic and question(s). Please read thoroughly because you might find the information helpful.

For homework #1, there are a few steps. First, write your broad topic (e.g., “My broad topic is policing”). Second, write what it is about that broad topic that you are focusing on (e.g., “I am focusing on the use of body cameras by police officers”). Third, provide your research questions (e.g., “My first research question is: what are police officers’ perceptions of body cameras?” “My second research question is: what is the public perception of police use of body cameras?”).

You must type your topic/research questions and turn into me through BlackboardbyFriday, September 7th at 11:59 PM. You must have all of the above components to receive full credit for this assignment. As the class progresses and you do more research on this topic, your research questions may shift and that is okay.

Homework 2 Abstract

An abstract is a brief synopsis of your research proposal. An abstract usually contains the scope, purpose, results, and content of the research paper. However, since you are setting up a proposal and, as such, will not have results, your abstract will contain only the scope, purpose, and content of your research paper. Before you turn in your final paper, you will need to go back and edit your abstract to make sure that it is still accurate after you make any changes to your final proposal.

In your abstract you will include what you are planning on doing in your paper (e.g., what you are looking at), how you are going to look at it (e.g., sample of UHV students), what you expect to find (just some basic hypotheses—“I expect to find that UHV students are supportive of body cameras for police officers…”), and what you will include in your paper (e.g., examine literature, methodology, implications, limitations, etc.).

Your abstract must be between 100 and 150 words, typed, and turned in through Blackboard on or before Friday, September 21st at 11:59 PM. To receive full credit, it must be within the word limit and contain all components mentioned previously.

Below is an example to give you an idea. This is more in depth in terms of analyses and findings than you will be able to go; however, it is just to give you a basic idea.

“This study examines the physical health, emotional well-being, and problembehavior outcomes associated with intimate partner abuse (IPA) victimizationand perpetration experiences by analyzing a nationally representative,prospective, and longitudinal sample of 879 men and women collectedfrom the National Youth Survey Family Study (NYSFS) and assessed acrossa period of 9 years from 1993 to 2003. Using multivariate regressiontechniques, it was found that both men and women experience numerousnegative outcomes associated with their IPA victimization and perpetrationexperiences. Implications of these findings are discussed, as are the study’slimitations, and future research directions.” (Simmons, Knight, & Menard, 2015).

Homework 3 Annotated Outline

Your Assignment

1. Develop an outline for a literature review that is relevant to your topic.

2. Locate AT LEAST 5 scholarly journal articles (not books, newspapers, magazines, or internet sites) that you want to use in your literature review.

3. Identify the important parts from each source that you want to use in your literature review.

4. Using these parts annotate your outline.

Your annotated outline must be typed and turned in through Blackboard on or before Friday, October 5th at 11:59 PM. Additional information to help you is on the next page. Please thoroughly read it as you may find it helpful!

To ‘annotate’ is to add critical or explanatory notes to a text. For example, some textbooks feature information set out in shaded boxes or in the margins. These annotations are intended to provide students with additional insight on a particular issue, topic, or concept.

For this assignment, to ‘annotate’ is describing the process by which you will add and organize the information you find in your research that is relevant to your topic to your literature review outline.

I am aware that this is tedious, BUT this will be very useful when you go to start writing your literature review. Ideally, it will not take you quite so long to write your literature review if you already have sources and the structure outlined.

Below are some tips on how to start your annotated outline:

1. Type up a basic literature review outline (how are you going to structure your literature review? What different sections of research are you planning to have?)

2. Under each section, you will add your sources (include the full APA citation).

3. Under each citation, identify the parts (e.g., quotes, statistics, definitions, findings etc.) in this source that you want to include in your literature review. This is normally the information you either highlighted in the article or made notes about from the article because it is relevant to your topic. Some sources may have numerous parts you want to use. Others may only have one.

a. If this item is a quote, reproduce it exactly as it appears in the original source. Include quotation marks so you will remember that it is a quote and include the page number it came from in the original source.

b. If it is not a quote, summarize the information as you see fit.

Homework 4 Introduction and Literature Review

1. Introduction (1-2 pages): The introduction section should be designed to interest your reader in your topic and proposal and provide some context for your project. The introduction should include a clear and unambiguous statement of the research problem or question. The importance and significance of this question should also be discussed. At the end of your introduction you should state what the gap in the literature is that you are trying to address (e.g., “The proposed research project attempts to fill _____ gap in the literature by examining _____”).

a. What is the topic? How is it “officially” defined and by whom?

b. Why is the topic a problem? Why is the problem significant?

c. Provide historical context for the topic. For example, how has our understanding of the topic evolved over time?

d. What is the scope of the topic today?

e. Why does the topic continue to be an important area of study?

f. Summarize the contents of this paragraph

g. Introduce the reader to the next paragraph

2. Literature Review (3-5 pages): The literature review should include a review of existing research on this topic area that is relevant to your particular question and hypothesis. You must include at least five (5)scholarly journal articles in this literature review (not books, newspapers, magazines, or internet sites). The literature should be condensed in an intelligent fashion with only the relevant information included (you do not need to provide a detailed summary for each article), and citations must be in APA format. You should include a summary of the existing literature which leads to a clear statement of your hypothesis and research questions. Be specific about what is predicted (e.g., “It is hypothesized that…”).

o Literature review is a well-written summary of existing research on the topic

o Literature review includes at least 5 scholarly sources

o Specific hypotheses are included at the end of the literature review

o Research design and method section is well-written and clearly laid out

• Structure and Organization

o Does the paper have an introductory paragraph with a clearly laid out plan?

o Is the purpose of the paper clearly stated?

o Is there a conclusion to the literature review?

o Is the substantive content of this paper separated by headings?

• Proper Citation

o Do in-text citations follow the APA guidelines?

o Is there a correctly formatted reference page that includes ALL sources cited in the text?

o Are ALL authoritative statements and generalizations backed with citations?

• Grammar

o Is this paper written in a clear, concise, and coherent fashion?

o Are there grammatical/spelling errors?

o Is the paper written in a formal (and non-conversational) fashion?

o This paper is not written in the first person (e.g., I, we, our, us, my, me)

o Are there contractions or slang in the body of this paper?

o There are no more than 3 direct quotes in this paper.

• General Requirements

o Title page (with meaningful title, the date, your name, University of Houston-Victoria, and the course number and name)

o Abstract

o 4-7 pages of typed text (excluding title page, abstract, references, and appendices), 12 point, Times New Roman, 1” margins

• Turning your Paper in

o You will turn your paper in through the turnitin link on Blackboard on or before Friday, October 26th at 11:59 PM

o Late assignments will be deducted 2 points per 24 hours.

Example

Introduction

What are the consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration—for both women and men? This is an important research question to address for several reasons. First, base rates of IPV are high, with 45.9% of respondents in the National Youth Survey Family Study (NYSFS) reporting IPV victimization or perpetration (Morse, 1995). Results from the National Violence Against Women survey indicated that approximately 1.5 million women and 834,700 men experience IPV every year (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000a). In 2010 alone, there were 907,000 IPV victimizations in the United States (Catalano, 2012). Regarding lifetime estimates of intimate partner victimization for women and men, researchers have noted, depending on various factors including data collection method, that 25% to 54% of women will be victims of IPV and 13% to 16% of men will be victims of IPV (Bonomi et al., 2006; Franklin & Kercher, 2012; Thompson et al., 2006). Second, there may be important gender differences in the prevalence of IPV. Historically, IPV has been conceptualized as a gender issue in which men are perpetrators of violence toward women and women are victims (Carmo, Grams, & Magalhaes, 2011; Dixon & Graham-Kevan, 2011). While this has been a long-held belief regarding IPV, research in the past couple of decades has found that men can be victims of IPV, women can be perpetrators of IPV, and there is a high level of mutual violence (Carmo et al., 2011; Fergusson, Horwood, & Ridder, 2005; Frieze, 2005; Lussier, Farrington, & Moffitt, 2009). As such, important and complex gender differences in IPV victimization and perpetration have been noted (Morris, 1995).

IPV Victimization

In terms of the gendered differences in experiencing IPV victimization, research is split on whether IPV victimization rates differ between men and women or if the rates are similar. Some researchers have found, based on victimization reports by both partners (Carbone-Lopez, Kruttschnitt, MacMillan, 2006; Coker et al., 2002; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000b) and meta-analyses (Garcia, Soria, & Hurwitz, 2007) that men are less likely than women to have experienced IPV victimization. However, these differences in experiences do differ by types and forms of IPV. For example, men are more likely to be kicked by their partner, hit with an object, or have an object thrown at them; whereas, women are more likely to be slapped, choked, and beaten up by their partner (Carbone-Lopez et al., 2006).

IPV Perpetration

Research is also split as to whether men or women perpetrate more IPV. Many researchers have found that women’s IPV perpetration rate is comparable to men’s rates of IPV perpetration (Archer, 2002; Carmo et al., 2011; Carney, Buttell, & Dutton, 2007; Fergusson et al., 2005; Magdol et al., 1997; Morse, 1995; Straus, 1993). Brush (1990) found in her analysis of the National Survey of Families and Households, that the rates of committing violent acts between men and women were not significantly different. Other research findings, however, indicate that men commit 21% more acts of violence and 42% more severe assaults against their partners than women (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000b). Conversely, some researchers have indicated that women average more overall assaults against their partners (Archer, 2000; Morse, 1995). Exploring the outcomes for perpetrators of IPV is important because, to date, there have been minimal, if any, studies that have directly examined outcomes of perpetration.

Mutuality of IPV

Regarding the debate about the mutuality of IPV, Anderson (2002) found, in her study using the National Survey of Families and Households, that 10% of all couples reported mutual violence within the past 12 months and of these 10%, 7% reported both partners as violent, 2% reported only the woman was violent, and 1% reported only the man was violent. Straus (2008) found in his cross-sectional study using data from the International Dating Violence Study, that one-third of both female and male respondents perpetrated physical IPV during the previous 12 months, with the most common form of violence being mutual. It is important to note, however, that most measures of relationship violence do not capture the context of the violence (e.g., preemptive self-defense or a response to violence initiated by a male partner; Morse, 1995). The extent to which there are gender differences in IPV victimization and perpetration is an ongoing debate.

Third, tied into this debate are complicated issues related to substance use and mental health problems, both of which are usually thought of as precursors to IPV (Dinwiddie, 1992; Golding, 1999; Fals-Stewart, Golden, & Schumacher, 2003). Several studies show that IPV and substance use are correlated (Campbell, 2002; Dutton et al., 2006; Kilpatrick, Acierno, Resnick, Saunders, & Best, 1997), that IPV and mental health problems are correlated (Campbell, Kub, Belknap, & Templin, 1997; Carbone-Lopez et al., 2006; Gleason, 1993), and that substance use and mental health are also correlated (Campbell, 2002; Logan, Walker, Cole, & Leukefeld, 2002; Manhal-Baugus, 1998). Much of the research in these areas is based on clinical samples and cross-sectional data (Anderson, 2002; Brewer, Fleming, Haggerty, & Catalano, 1998; Campbell et al., 1997; Cunradi, Caetano, & Schafer, 2002; Kantor & Straus, 1987; McCauley et al., 1995). Few studies, however, are able to document the longstanding consequences of IPV. Studies that do exist are more likely to document the impact of IPV victimization on outcomes for women (Kilpatrick et al., 1997; Zlotnick, Johnson, & Kohn, 2005). Future research needs to document the consequences of IPV victimization and perpetration on women’s and men’s substance use and mental health while controlling for important confounds, such as prior involvement with these outcomes.

Fourth, there are good reasons to suspect that women are differentially impacted by IPV and its consequences. Empirically, research has shown that, compared to men, women’s IPV victimization is more severe (Carbone-Lopez et al., 2006; Swan & Snow, 2003). Theoretically, the consequences of IPV may be more harmful for women. Miller’s (1976) self-in-relation theory illustrates, for example, that variation in gender socialization impact male and female differences in orientation towards interpersonal relationships. At the core of women’s self-structure is an orientation towards growth in relationships, for which the name self-in-relation has been given (Kaplan, 1986). Based on this theory, it is important for women to maintain relationships in order to define their identity and to validate their sense of self (Kaplan, 1986; Manhal-Baugus, 1998). This theory has been applied to the study of depression, in that women may become depressed if their relational ties are disrupted. In turn, chemical dependency can develop as a way to cope with unhealthy relationships (Kaplan, 1986; Manhal-Baugus, 1998). Even though women are traditionally thought to be more oriented towards close, intimate relationships (Markus & Oyserman, 1989), men may also be negatively affected by unhealthy relationships. Research is needed to assess the extent to which these gender differences exist.

To the best of our knowledge, no studies to date have examined the consequences of IPV victimization and IPV perpetration on substance use and mental health on individuals—for both men and women alike. To address this gap in the research, the goals of the current study are to (1) document the prevalence of self-reported IPV victimization and perpetration in a national and longitudinal sample of women and men in adulthood, (2) examine the consequences of IPV on these outcomes three years later, and (3) assess whether or not important gender differences exist.

Literature Review

The current study begins with a review of the studies that have documented the consequences of IPV victimization and perpetration on substance use and other mental health outcomes. Foreshadowing the findings from the literature review, three noteworthy limitations exist. First, while there are a number of studies on IPV and mental health outcomes for women, the literature for men is scant. Second, most studies on IPV and mental health outcomes and IPV and substance use outcomes are cross-sectional, which is problematic when attempting to establish temporal order. Third, there are numerous studies using clinical samples but they are less generalizable to the larger population. The current study addresses these limitations.

Substance Use Consequences

Substance abuse is one of the most frequently seen health problems in battered women (Campbell, 2002). Women are significantly more likely than men to start abusing substances due to having been physically abused (Anderson, 2002). Compared to women who have not experienced IPV victimization, abused women are three to five times more likely to have substance use issues (Dutton et al., 2006) and have an escalation of substance use during the course of their abusive relationships (Kilpatrick et al., 1997). Abused women may use alcohol and drugs as coping mechanisms for the abuse they are experiencing (Humphreys, Regan, River, & Thiara, 2005; Kaysen et al., 2008; Khantzian, 1997; Kilpatrick et al., 1997; Kyriacou et al., 1999; Logan et al., 2002; Manhal-Baugus, 1998; Quigley & Leonard, 2000; Testa, Livingston, & Leonard, 2003). Testa, Livingston, and Leonard (2003) note that women may use alcohol as self-medication following their IPV victimization. In addition to alcohol, researchers have found that two out of three women who enter drug abuse treatment programs have been sexually or physically abused by their partners (Logan et al., 2002). Kilpatrick et al. (1997) proposed a cyclical or reciprocal relationship between illicit drug use and violent assault; women increase their illicit drug use due to the abuse they are experiencing, which thereby increases their risk of re-victimization, which in turn increases the likelihood of illicit drug use.

Mental Health Consequences

IPV is associated with a number of mental health issues (Anderson, 2002; Campbell, 2002; Campbell et al., 1997), the most common of which is depression (Campbell et al., 1997; Gleason, 1993). Overall, depression has been found to be more prevalent in women than in men in both abused and non-abused populations (Carbone-Lopez et al., 2006; Coker et al., 2002; Dutton et al., 2006; Fischbach & Herbert, 1997; Gleason, 1993; Orava, McLeod, & Sharpe, 1996; Riggs, Caulfield, & Street, 2000). Anderson (2002) found that while both male and female victims of IPV do experience negative health outcomes, the consequences for female victims are greater. Furthermore, researchers posit that the effects of IPV victimization are severe and long-lasting (Logan et al., 2002). Consequently, the longer women are exposed to IPV victimization and the more severe the IPV victimization is, the worse their mental health outcomes will become (Bonomi et al., 2006; Campbell et al., 1997; Cascardi, O’Leary, & Schlee, 1999; Dutton et al., 2006). Not just chronic victimization, however, puts women at risk for mental health problems; women who only experience one episode of violence from their partner can develop severe, long-lasting psychological consequences (Fischbach & Herbert, 1997).

What is clear, according to Golding (1999), is that the mental health problems of the perpetrators of IPV are generally seen as the causes of violent behavior but not as outcomes of this violent behavior. This is especially true for men. According to Dinwiddie (1992) compared to a group of non-abusive men, abusive men were more likely to have antisocial personalities, alcoholism, and major depression. Moffitt and Caspi (1999) found that 88% of male perpetrators of IPV in their sample had at least one mental disorder. Thus, it is evident that longitudinal research is needed to disaggregate the temporal order of IPV, substance use, and depression.

Current Study: Aims and Hypotheses

IPV is associated with negative mental health problems and substance use behaviors in victims and perpetrators of IPV. Studies in these areas, however, are often limited by the use of clinical samples, cross-sectional data, and analyses of either just women or just men. The aim of the current study is to address this gap in the research by conducting longitudinal analyses of data from the National Youth Survey Family Study when respondents were likely to be in adult romantic relationships. Specifically, we examine the individual effects of IPV victimization and perpetration on men and women, separately, on their use of four types of substances (i.e., alcohol, marijuana, illicit drugs, and prescription drugs) and depression symptoms over a period of three years.

The following three overarching hypotheses are the focus of the current study. The first hypothesis posits that, compared to men not involved in IPV, men involved in IPV are more likely to use substances and have increased depression outcomes three years later. The second hypothesis predicts that, compared to women not involved in IPV, women involved in IPV are more likely to use substances and have increased depression outcomes three years later. The third and last hypothesis states that gender will moderate the effect of IPV on substance use and depression outcomes. That is, compared to men involved in IPV, women involved in IPV will have more statistically significant substance use and depression outcomes three years later. For each hypothesis, perpetration and victimization is analyzed separately and prior involvement in outcomes is controlled, as are demographic factors.

Homework 5 Methodology

DUE: Friday, November 16th by 11:59 PM

The methodology section will outline how you intend to go about studying your proposed topic. This portion of your research proposal should be relatively regimented, and include the following subsections (generally in this order):

• Sample

• Measurement

• Data Collection Methods

Depending on your topic, the methodology section of your paper should be around 2-3 pages long.

When discussing your sample, you will discuss how the sample was selected (random, convenience, etc.) and why you chose that particular method. Additionally, discuss how you will (if necessary) protect human subjects. Additionally, discuss your sample population in detail.

In this assignment, in the measurement section, I expect you to describe each of the constructs you included, how they were measured, how they were conceptualized and operationalized (these are your dependent variables, independent variables, intervening variables) and tell me what your unit of analysis is.

When discussing your data collection methods, you will describe the research design (i.e., experimental, quasi-experimental, non-reactive, etc.) in detail and discuss why that design is appropriate for your hypotheses. Include an in-depth description of the procedures you will use to conduct the study.

• This should be between 2 and 3 pages long

• Typed, double spaced, Times New Roman 12 point font, 1 inch margins

• Make sure there are no grammatical or spelling errors

• Due through Blackboard on or before Friday, November 16th at 11:59 PM

• You will receive a 2 point deduction per every 24 hours it is late

FINAL RESEARCH PROPOSAL

As 100 points of your final grade in this course, you are asked to design a research project of your own choosing. The final research paper will be due through Blackboard on or before Friday, December 7th at 11:59 PM

I. Title Page: Your title page should include the title of your paper, the date, your name, University of Houston-Victoria, and the course number and name.

II. Abstract: Your abstract is a brief summary of what your paper is going to discuss. It should be between 100 and 150 words.

III. Introduction (1-2 pages): The introduction section should be designed to interest your reader in your topic and proposal and provide some context for your project. The introduction should include a clear and unambiguous statement of the research problem or question. The importance and significance of this question should also be discussed. At the end of your introduction you should state what the gap in the literature is that you are trying to address (e.g., “The proposed research project attempts to fill _____ gap in the literature by examining _____”).

IV. Literature Review (3-5 pages): The literature review should include a review of existing research on this topic area that is relevant to your particular question and hypothesis. You must include at least five (5) scholarly journal articles in this literature review (not books, newspapers, magazines, or internet sites). The literature should be condensed in an intelligent fashion with only the relevant information included (you do not need to provide a detailed summary for each article), and citations must be in APA format. You should include a summary of the existing literature which leads to a clear statement of your hypothesis and research questions. Be specific about what is predicted (e.g., “It is hypothesized that…”).

V. Research Design and Methods (2-3 pages): First, describe each of the constructs you included and how they were measured (e.g., dependent variables, independent variables, control variables, unit of analysis). Discuss how you will measure these variables. Discuss how you will ensure the validity and reliability of your measures. Discuss how you will (if necessary) protect human subjects. Second, describe how the sample was selected (random, convenience, etc.) and why that particular method was chosen. Third, describe the research design (i.e., experimental, quasi-experimental, etc.) in detail and discuss why that design is appropriate for your hypothesis. Include a description of the procedures you used in conducting the study. For example, discuss the research site and how your data was collected (e.g., survey of UHV students). BE SPECIFIC. Describe your sample, population, and subjects.

VI. Conclusions (.5-1 Page): Discuss the potential implications of your study. State any limitations of your project (internal or external validity, etc.).

VII. References: All citations in the body of the paper should be included in the reference section in APA format.

VIII. Appendices: Your measurement instrument (interview schedule, observation instrument, questionnaire, etc.) should be included in full as Appendix A to your paper.

Other Notes

· Your paper must be between 6.5 and 11 pages long.

· It must be typed and double-spaced in 12 point, Times New Roman font.

· 1 inch margins

· Your title page, abstract, references, and Appendix DO NOT count toward your page length.

· Please do not put any extra spaces between paragraphs.

· Your paper MUST be free from spelling or grammatical errors (Contact the UHV Writing Center for assistance, including a review of your paper)

· Your paper MUST contain all of the components above in their entirety

Grading

· Substantive Expectations (75 points; Literature Review=30 Points & Research Design & Methods=45 Points)

o Literature review is a well-written summary of existing research on the topic

o Literature review includes at least 10 scholarly sources

o Specific hypotheses are included at the end of the literature review

o Research design and method section is well-written and clearly laid out

o Research design and method section includes all parts as discussed under Section V.

· Structure and Organization (5 points)

o Does the paper include an abstract that summarizes the paper in 100-150 words?

o Does the paper have an introductory paragraph with a clearly laid out plan?

o Is the purpose of the paper clearly stated?

o Is there a conclusion?

o Is the substantive content of this paper separated by headings?

o If applicable, is the measurement instrument included in an Appendix?

· Proper Citation (5 points)

o Do in-text citations follow the APA guidelines?

o Is there a correctly formatted reference page that includes ALL sources cited in the text?

o Are ALL authoritative statements and generalizations backed with citations?

· Grammar (10 points)

o Is this paper written in a clear, concise, and coherent fashion?

o Are there grammatical/spelling errors?

o Is the paper written in a formal (and non-conversational) fashion?

o This paper is not written in the first person (e.g., I, we, our, us, my, me)

o Are there contractions or slang in the body of this paper?

o There are no more than 3 direct quotes in this paper.

· General Requirements (5 points)

o Title page (with meaningful title)

o 6.5-11 pages of typed text (excluding title page, abstract, references, and appendices)