02 Feb Bandura stated that

Final exam

Question 1

Gender refers to the

Answers:

biological aspects of maleness and femaleness.

physiological make-up of females and males.

sex chromosomes.

psychological aspects of femaleness and maleness.

specific XX and XY chromosome patterns.

Question 2

“According to Freud, the ego is the”

Answers:

center of the libido.

planning and organizing part of the personality.

center of conscience and morality.

only structure of personality present at birth.

source of aggressive drives.

Question 3

“According to Piaget, the understanding of ________ is a critical element in the development of the subjective self.”

Answers:

self-efficacy

telegraphic speech

the Oedipus conflict

object permanence

assimilation

Question 4

Erikson asserts that a child who has established a sense of basic trust has had

Answers:

a major caregiver who was loving and responded predictably and reliably.

caregivers who were erratic or harsh in their care of the child during infancy.

“two parents as primary caregivers, at least during the early years of development.”

younger brothers or sisters as primary caregivers.

indulgent parents and caretakers.

Question 5

Judgments of right and wrong based on sources of authority who are close by and physically superior is characteristic of which level of moral development?

Answers:

conventional

unconventional

postconventional

preconventional

concrete operational

Question 6

Huesmann’s research on the level of aggression and television viewing indicated that

Answers:

there is no effect of TV viewing on aggression.

there is a direct cause and effect.

aggressive behavior is not linked to television viewing.

“the effect is only found in young boys,”

those who watch more violent television are more violent as adults.

Question 7

“Roger is working on a project at home. However, his 4-year-old son seems to pester him the most when he is trying to solve a problem. Roger tries to ignore him, but usually gives in and stops what he is doing to pay attention to his son. Roger is actually”

Answers:

punishing his son by making him wait for attention.

increasing his son’s behavior with partial reinforcement.

being a very attentive parent.

damaging his son’s self-esteem.

having very little influence on his son’s behavior.

Question 8

A basic proposition of psychoanalytic approaches to personality is that

Answers:

each individual is born with characteristic patterns of responding to the environment.

behavior is strengthened by reinforcement.

development of personality is sequential but not stage-like.

behavior is governed by unconscious as well as conscious motives and processes.

genetic differences operate via variations in physiological processes.

Question 9

“Whenever Holly’s mother returns after leaving her with a sitter for a period of time, Holly makes no effort to make contact with her mother. Ainsworth would say that Holly is exhibiting what type of attachment?”

Answers:

insecure/avoidant

insecure/ambivalent

securely attached

insecure/disorganized

insecure/disoriented

Question 10

“Compared to other children, children raised in poverty”

Answers:

have higher rates of illness and disabilities.

have the same distribution of IQ scores.

develop cognitively at the same rate.

are less likely to repeat a grade.

are less likely to be poor as adults.

Question 11

“In stage ________ of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the individual relies on the physical consequences of some action to decide if it is right or wrong.”

Answers:

one

two

three

four

five

Question 12

Which of the following would be a part of Nathanial’s microsystem?

Answers:

the company that employs his father

his family’s ethnic group

the school he attends

his family’s socioeconomic level

his parents’ friends

Question 13

“Fifteen-month-old Billy and Bettina are playing together with toys. Sometimes they cooperate, but mostly they play side-by-side with different toys. This is a pattern that Parten described as”

Answers:

parallel play.

peer play.

playmateship.

friendship.

coordinated play.

Question 14

“A pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward parents and other authority figures, established prior to age 8 is a(n)”

Answers:

conduct disorder.

childhood-onset conduct disorder.

adolescent-onset conduct disorder.

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Question 15

Which of the following children in child care will have the highest cognitive development?

Answers:

“Marcus, who is middle class and is cared for by a neighbor two afternoons a week.”

“Julius, whose family is poor and is cared for at home by his aunt.”

“Joachim, who began child care at age 4.”

“Joachim, whose family is wealthy and attends a family daycare.”

“Maria, whose family is poor and attends a cognitively-enriched program.”

Question 16

Diagnosing ADHD is difficult because

Answers:

many children are inattentive or overactive at least some of the time.

parents refuse to believe the teacher’s observations.

there is no definitive diagnostic criteria for ADHD.

symptoms often lay dormant for months at a time.

children can control their hyperactive and inattentive behavior when necessary.

Question 17

Research aimed at testing Gilligan’s versus Kohlberg’s ideas about moral development has found that

Answers:

“boys are more likely to use “”justice”” reasoning, and girls are more likely to use “”care”” reasoning.”

there are no differences between boys and girls in Gilligan’s types of moral reasoning.

the sex differences Gilligan hypothesized only occur among children.

Kohlberg’s research seriously distorted the differences between boys and girls in moral reasoning.

Gilligan had reversed the reasoning of males and females.

Question 18

“In a Strange Situation test, Jeannine does not become upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, she runs to her and then quiets and returns to playing with toys. What type of attachment does this indicate?”

Answers:

secure

insecure/avoidant

insecure/ambivalent

insecure/disorganized

secure/disoriented

Question 19

All of the following are propositions on which the biological explanation of personality is based EXCEPT

Answers:

each individual is born with genetically determined characteristic patterns of responding to the environment and to other people.

“children learn not only overt behavior but also ideas, expectations, internal standards, and self-concepts from reinforcement and modeling.”

genetic differences operate via variations in fundamental physiological processes.

temperamental dispositions persist through childhood and into adulthood.

temperamental characteristics interact with the child’s environment in ways that may strengthen or modify basic temperamental patterns.

Question 20

“According to Bronfenbrenner, the ________ includes the larger cultural or subcultural setting in which all the other systems are embedded.”

Answers:

exosystem

macrosystem

mesosystem

microsystem

endosystem

Question 21

“According to Erikson, the positive outcome of adolescence is”

Answers:

trust.

autonomy.

initiative.

industry.

identity.

Question 22

Research supports the hypothesis that psychopathology arises mostly as a result of

Answers:

severe parental discipline.

accidental injury to the brain.

inborn vulnerabilities.

high stress environments.

parental neglect.

Question 23

Enduring patterns of behavior that are both unusual compared to others of a child’s age and interfere with a child’s development in some significant way are part of development that is

Answers:

unusual.

mental.

physical.

slow.

atypical.

Question 24

A shift to judgments based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs is characteristic of which level of moral development?

Answers:

preconventional

conventional

postconventional

postformal

postoperational

Question 25

Which of the following sets of characteristics is typical of children reared in families in which parents consistently make realistically high demands on them?

Answers:

“high self-esteem, more altruism, and low levels of aggression”

“high self-esteem, less altruism, and a high level of anxiety”

“high self-esteem, strong leadership qualities, and a high level of aggression”

“high self-esteem, strong leadership qualities, and academic problems”

“high self-esteem, high conformity, and high anxiety”

Question 26

“Psychologists use the word “”personality”” to describe”

Answers:

temporary individual differences in behavior.

“the common patterns in children’s social, physical, and cognitive development.”

differences in the ways children and adults relate to people and to the world around them.

how well-liked individuals are by the people in their social network.

the individual’s enduring pattern of responses to and interactions with others and the environment.

Question 27

Who proposed that consequences teach children to obey moral rules?

Answers:

Freud

Erikson

Piaget

Skinner

Kohlberg

Question 28

“A child is far more likely to become aggressive or delinquent later in childhood, to be a substance abuser in adolescence and adulthood, to attempt suicide, to have emotional problems, and to have a lower IQ if he or she is”

Answers:

harshly and regularly spanked.

permissively reared.

authoritatively controlled.

negatively reinforced.

rarely spanked.

Question 29

“Juanita is extremely creative, imaginative, and insightful, indicating that when she grows up, she wil probably score high on the Big Five Traits of”

Answers:

agreeableness and conscientiousness.

conscientiousness and emotionality.

extraversion and inhibition.

openness and intellect.

agreeableness and openness.

Question 30

Studies of infant attachment in eight different countries indicate that

Answers:

secure attachment is the most common pattern.

secure attachment is the most common type only in the United States.

ambivalent attachment is the most common type of insecure attachment in all cultures studied.

there was no consistency of attachment styles in the countries studied.

avoidant behaviors are most common in Israel and Japan.

Question 31

“Parents who are high in control, maturity demands, communication, and nurturance fit Baumrind’s classification of”

Answers:

authoritarian.

authoritative.

neglecting.

permissive.

indulgent.

Question 32

“Kelvin is very sociable, enthusiastic, generous, and forgiving. As an adult, he will score high on”

Answers:

openness and emotionality.

emotionality and extraversion.

neuroticism and openness.

agreeableness and emotionality.

extraversion and agreeableness.

Question 33

The results of the NICHD study led to which conclusion about the impact of child care on attachment?

Answers:

An insensitive mother is the only cause of an insecure attachment.

“No matter how sensitive the mother, child care is harmful.”

All mothers of child care children are depressed.

The child’s personality is the only factor.

“Child care, in itself, was unrelated to the security of the child’s attachment.”

Question 34

Lionel has been diagnosed as autistic. He will likely display all the following EXCEPT

Answers:

limited or non-existent language skills.

inability to engage in reciprocal social relationships.

a severely limited range of interests.

easy distractibility.

high intellectual functioning.

Question 35

Fear of strangers and separation anxiety

Answers:

occur only in Western cultures.

differ in intensity among children.

differ in timing among children.

do not really occur in most children.

first appear at five months of age.

Question 36

Several studies suggest that playing video games fosters

Answers:

improved social skills.

positive emotions.

improved reading skills.

excessive dependency.

good spatial-cognitive skills.

Question 37

“According to Freud, a person’s internal moral judge is the”

Answers:

ego.

superego.

id.

conscious.

unconscious.

Question 38

Which of the following would be part of Angelica’s exosystem?

Answers:

her part-time job

her after school clubs

her music lessons

her school

her mother’s workplace

Question 39

The strongest theoretical influence in modern-day studies of infant-parent relationships is the work of

Answers:

Bandura and Watson.

Piaget and Ainsworth.

Erikson and Freud.

Bowlby and Ainsworth.

Freud and Piaget.

Question 40

Bandura stated that the roots of ________ develop in the first year.

Answers:

self-image

self-control

self-concept

self-efficacy

self-regulation