04 Feb agreeableness and conscientiousness

Question 1After the group discusses a topic, the number of the members expressing a specific view increases while the number of members expressing the dissenting view decreases. This is an example of Select one: a. merging b. consolidation c. clustering d. correlation e. continuing diversity Question 2During the Korean War, the Chinese apparently influenced U.N. POWs by asking them to perform small, petty actions such as writing an essay explaining why communism was good. Later, their requests escalated as they asked for larger and larger concessions. This method of influence is similar to the ____ technique. Select one: a. highballing b. door in the face c. lowballing d. idiosyncrasy credit e. foot in the door Question 3According to social impact theory, conformity pressures ___ at a(n) ___ rate as more people join the majority. Select one: a. decrease; increasing b. decrease; constant c. increase; decreasing d. increase; constant Question 4Studies suggest that social loafing can be avoided if Select one: a. group members are reminded to “give their all.” b. group members are trained to better coordinate their combined efforts. c. the leader is strong. d. individuals’ contributions to the group product are identifiable. Question 5Joe, Meagan, Allison, and Timothy are classmates who must complete a major course assignment, as a group, by April 15th. During the first meeting, held on February 15th, they make plans for completing the project. Studies of the planning fallacy suggest they will Select one: a. underestimate the amount of time the group will need to complete its work. b. spend much of their time thinking about problems that might slow their progress. c. overestimate the amount of time the group will need to complete its work. d. waste too much time planning out who will do what and when. e. make more accurate time estimates as a group than each one would if making plans individually. Question 6Social comparison, heuristics, and cognitive elaboration are aspects of ___ influence. Select one: a. personal b. normative c. interpersonal d. informational e. compliance Question 7Social ___ is an interpersonal process that changes the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of another person. Select one: a. comparison b. motivation c. influence d. divulgence e. majority Question 8Studies on jury size show that Select one: a. large juries participate at equal rates and are more cohesive. b. small juries reach the same type of verdicts as large juries. c. 6 person juries are just as representative of the community as 12 person juries. d. a 5 to 1 vote is the same as a 10 to 2 vote. Question 9The bystander effect predicts that Select one: a. people often refuse help to maintain equity in the social relationship. b. helping behavior increases as physical proximity decreases. c. people are more likely to help in groups than when they are alone. d. people are less likely to help in groups than when they are alone. Question 10When will a group NOT listen to the minority? Select one: a. When group members are meeting for the first time and discussing ideas. b. If the minority tries to present a non-obvious solution to the problem at hand. c. If minorities consistently argue and stand strong on their point of view. d. When the group members identify strongly with the group and fear the minority may undermine their social identity. Question 11A loud voice, interrupting others, and sitting at the head of the table are all examples of ____ behavior. Select one: a. dominance b. ineffective c. emotional d. unfriendly e. feminine Question 12A study by Kipnis in which college students acted as managers in a simulated industrial situation found that powerful managers Select one: a. attributed their success to themselves rather than the efforts of their workers. b. liked the workers more than the powerless managers. c. used fewer, but more powerful, attempts at influence. d. refuse to manipulate their workers. Question 13A(n) ____ reaction is to high power as a(n) ___ reaction is to low power. Select one: a. need for Power; need for Affiliation b. mandate; oligarchy c. inhibitory; approach d. defensive, offensive e. approach; inhibitory Question 14Americans fear terrorist attacks by Muslims against America. If Americans fall prey to the Fundamental Attribution Error, they will conclude Select one: a. All Muslims are committed to expanding their world domination by violence. b. American aggression forced the Islamic world to protect itself. c. Conflict between religious groups is inevitable. d. Most Muslims are peaceful people coerced into violence by their malevolent leaders. Question 15Carl is a 27-year-old who has worked for 10 years with software development and hardware installation. When the group must decide what type of network to install, they listen to everything Carl says and make the choice he recommends. According to expectation-states theory, Carl achieved high status in this group because of his ___ status characteristics. Select one: a. ascribed b. potential c. diffuse d. specific e. ideal Question 16Cathy influences people by dropping hints, ingratiation, and evasion. Her tactics are Select one: a. rational b. strong. c. bilateral d. indirect Question 17Fred decides that other group members are right, so he changes his mind and comes to believe in the group’s position. This change is BEST described as Select one: a. conformity. b. anticonformity. c. compliance. d. conversion. e. independence. Question 18Ed, who has little status, says he’ll get the boss to fire you if you don’t support his ideas. Ed is using ____ power. Select one: a. referent b. coercive c. reward d. legitimate e. informational Question 19Milgram found that Select one: a. very few people are willing to obey another person if it will lead to harm. b. most people who obeyed did so happily. c. approximately 65% of his subjects were highly obedient. d. only authoritarian persons are willing to obey. Question 20Through election, I am unanimously selected to be leader. I have ____ power. Select one: a. legitimate b. referent c. reward d. coercive e. expert Question 21″I think a good leader should be intelligent, responsible, competitive, and well-balanced.” I probably take a(n) ___ approach to leadership. Select one: a. trait b. interactionism c. transactional d. situationism Question 22According to the text, which statement is true? Select one: a. Asian Americans tend to be selected to lead groups when ethnic diversity is high. b. A lone man in an otherwise all-woman group tends to become the group’s leader. c. In mixed-sex groups, women tend to display more leadership behaviors than men. d. Women who are dominant are usually considered to be good leaders. e. When a man and a woman vie for leadership in a group, the woman usually wins. Question 23An evolutionary approach to leadership suggests that Select one: a. leaders in prehistoric times dominated others through force and continual physical violence. b. followers tend to favor male leaders in intergroup conflict situations, but female leaders in situations involving intragroup conflict. c. people instinctively select leaders with qualities that will undermine their effectiveness as leaders (the mismatch hypothesis). d. in prehistoric times women tended to be the group leaders, whereas men were the group workers and hunters. Question 24Jill works at an advertising agency, and she is skilled in creating new, refreshing, innovative ad campaigns. She will likely be promoted to a leadership position if she has elevated scores on the ___ dimension of the Big Five inventory. Select one: a. agreeableness’ b. prudence c. openness to experience d. neuroticism e. extraversion Question 25Leader-member exchange theory, or LMX, unlike other theories of leadership stresses the Select one: a. group members’ perceptions of their leader. b. how the leader adjusts to situational demands. c. leaders ability to enhance, or transform, group members’ motivational levels. d. quality of the relationship between the leader and each of his or her subordinates. e. leader’s emphasis on task versus socioemotional demands. Question 26Leadership is best defined as Select one: a. an innate skill in taking charge. b. manipulating others to do one’s bidding. c. knowing how to work well with people. d. guidance of others in their pursuits. e. power over people. Question 27Meta-analytic review (Judge, Piccolo, & Ilies, 2004) indicates that relationship leadership is most strongly associated with Select one: a. follower job satisfaction b. leader effectiveness c. group performance d. follower satisfaction with the leader e. follower motivation Question 28Most researchers now believe that Select one: a. leadership is an inborn talent. b. a good leader in one group will be a good leader in another group. c. some people are born with characteristics that make them good leaders. d. a leader’s effectiveness depends on the leader, group members, and the situation. Question 29Studies of personality and leadership suggest that leaders tend to be Select one: a. physically attractive, strong, and well-groomed. b. extraverted, agreeable, conscientious, stable, and smart. c. authoritarian, introverted, liberal, and well-adjusted. d. quick-witted, insightful, well-adjusted, and dynamic. e. memorable, talkative, and willing to take responsibility. Question 30Studies testing a terror management theory of leadership discovered that, when mortality is made salient, followers were least positive toward a ___ leader. Select one: a. short b. task-oriented c. male d. relationship-oriented e. charismatic Question 31Fred, Ned, and Ted must make some party hats by folding up pieces of paper. When working alone, they could make 10 hats an hour each. If the Ringelmann effect occurs, when Fred works with Ned they will turn out ___ hats an hour each, and when Ted joins them, they will turn out ___ hats an hour each. Select one: a. 8; 6 b. 12; 14 c. 4; 3 d. 15; 20 e. 5; 1 Question 32If all members must perform before the group’s goal is met the task is a(n) ___ one. Select one: a. additive b. conjunctive c. compensatory d. discretionary e. disjunctive Question 33If group members can decide for themselves how their individual inputs are to be combined the task is a(n) ___ one. Select one: a. disjunctive b. conjunctive c. discretionary d. additive e. compensatory Question 34If the group’s solution to a yes/no type question must be selected from among all individual solutions, the task is a(n) ___ one. Select one: a. conjunctive b. disjunctive c. compensatory d. additive e. discretionary Question 35Judy conforms because she cannot withstand the verbal harassment from the other group members. Her conformity results from ___ influence. Select one: a. normative b. informational c. compliance d. interpersonal e. personal Question 36Janet doesn’t work as hard as she can in her study group because she knows Linda, “the brain,” will do the work if she doesn’t. Janet illustrates Select one: a. the collective effort effect. b. the sucker effect. c. groupthink d. the free-rider effect. e. the compensatory effect. Question 37Studies of the “wisdom of crowd” effect suggest that: Select one: a. once the group reaches 5 members, it reaches its maximum level of “wisdom”. b. groups are particularly effective when working on extremely difficult problems. c. the “crowd” members, to become accurate, must initially discuss the issue among members. d. making decisions by averaging individuals judgments is, in some cases, both efficient and accurate. Question 38The tendency for individuals to become less productive as group size increases is known as Select one: a. input output losses. b. laziness. c. groupthink. d. the Ringelmann effect. e. social inhibition. Question 39Which finding is most likely? Select one: a. Expert pool players play worse when observed. b. People who stutter speak more slowly alone than when observed. c. Roaches complete a simple maze faster alone. d. People can more rapidly dress in familiar clothes when an observer is present. Question 40Which is the key to determining when social facilitation AND social loafing will or will not occur? Select one: a. social identity b. arousal c. evaluation apprehension d. size of the group e. involvement Question 41″Majority rules”, “Agree with whatever the boss says.” and “All of us must agree before we approve it” are all examples of Select one: a. truth-wins rules. b. collective induction. c. truth-supported-wins rules. d. CESs (critical evaluation standards). e. social decision schemes. Question 42A collective information-processing model of group decision making assumes that Select one: a. social loafing is a cognitive deficit. b. groups are motivated to make good decisions. c. when individuals join groups they are instinctively driven to seek information. d. group member’s thoughts are sometimes inconsistent with their behaviors. e. groups seek out and process information to formulate decisions. Question 43Majority influence leads to ___ whereas minority influence leads to ___. Select one: a. unification; harmony b. individuality; diversity c. originality; similarity d. consensus; innovation e. variety; novelty Question 44Studies of crowdsourcing suggest that Select one: a. online groups make less effective decisions than groups that meet face-to-face. b. the time a group spends on a problem is directly related to the quality of its solution. c. the wisdom of the crowd effect occurs only when groups work on complex tasks. d. the decisions of informed experts are superior to those made by novices. e. groups do not need to deliberate in order to make effective decisions. Question 45Which is true? Select one: a. Groups, during discussion, oversample unique, unshared information. b. The study of medical decision makers indicates that senior members help groups manage their information. c. Groups excel at discovering hidden profiles. d. Oversampling of shared information is greatest when groups work on questions with demonstrably solutions. Question 46Which one does not belong with the others? Select one: a. desire for success b. self-censorship c. atmosphere of unanimity d. mindguards Question 47Which one is a symptom of groupthink? Select one: a. members question the morality of their proposed solution b. group members feel that they are on the brink of making a bad decision c. everyone in the group seems to agree with everyone else d. the opponent, if one exists, is overrated e. deviants surface in the group and disrupt discussion Question 48Which statement is false? Select one: a. When satisficing occurs groups accept a solution that meets minimal standards, but one that may not be the best solution. b. The two most frequently mentioned problems reported by people making decisions in groups are poor communication skills and egocentric behavior. c. Both groups and individuals display a host of cognitive biases, such as the confirmation bias. d. Listeners tend to level, sharpen, and assimilate messages. e. Members too frequently cut their meetings too short, without spending the full time they have scheduled for the session. Question 49Which tactic will NOT lessen the chances that groupthink will occur? Select one: a. consider the problem and possible solutions in two or more meetings b. increasing the cohesiveness of the group c. breaking the group up into subgroups that meet separately d. having the leader give his/her own opinions after discussion e. consulting outside experts Question 50___ generally increases the time the group needs to reach its decision. Select one: a. Consensus b. Delegating c. Voting d. Averaging inputs e. Majority rules Question 51According to the “romance of teams,” Select one: a. the available evidence does not justify the high level of confidence in the effectiveness of teams. b. Teams have taken the primary, leading role in modern organizations. c. Team leaders must sometimes “win the team over” to their way of doing things. d. The use of teams is consistent with a scientific management approach to workplace productivity. e. people prefer teams because they often trigger the development of romantic relationships among members. Question 52Cultural diversity Select one: a. was minimized in the astronaut crews about the International Space Station. b. is a form of deep diversity, since it usually associated with differences in language, experiences, ideology, values, and so on. c. unlike other forms of diversity, usually increases a group’s cohesion. d. predicts inadequate team performance. Question 53Gradually the students, after taking multiple-choice tests as a group for 3 weeks in a row, developed ___: a shared representation of the task as well as a shared understanding of the team’s processes and team members’ strengths. Select one: a. synergy b. a collective mind c. groupality d. teamality e. a team mental model Question 54I believe that a team is, in many respects, like a complex organism in that it takes in inputs from the environment, processes those inputs, and then generates outcomes and outputs in a continuous, recursive process. I am a(n) ___ theorist in my approach to teams. Select one: a. motivational b. systems c. cognitive d. organizational e. behavioral Question 55In the Five Factor Model, dependability, dutifulness, achievement motivation, and efficacy are markers of Select one: a. emotional stability b. conscientiousness c. extraversion d. agreeableness e. openness Question 56 Paramedics, a surgery team, an infantry squad, a baseball team, and an airliner’s flight crew are examples of ___ teams. Select one: a. service b. project c. advisory d. action e. management Question 57Studies of the relationship between personality and team effectiveness suggest that Select one: a. team skills cannot be learned: they are fixed by nature. b. there is no such thing as a “team player.” c. team effectiveness is most closely associated with agreeableness and conscientiousness. d. team outcomes depend on composition, not team members’ personalities. e. emotional stability is the key predictor of team effectiveness. Question 58The two most essential KSAs needed for effective team members are Select one: a. leadership skills and followership skills. b. positive, optimistic outlook and achievement orientation. c. expressive communication skills and listening skills. d. skills related to the team’s tasks and skill in working with others. e. concern for self and concern for others. Question 59Their __ is the primary advantage of homogenous teams relative to diverse teams. Select one: a. resourcefulness b. creativity c. efficiency d. skill levels e. cohesiveness Question 60Which one is NOT consistent with a systems theory of teams? Select one: a. The team changes in response to feedback about the quality of its products. b. The process stage includes processes that transform inputs into outputs. c. Mediating mechanisms influence the connection between inputs and outputs. d. The elements are sequentially invariant: inputs lead to processes which lead to outputs. e. Outputs include products as well as changes in the system itself.

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