04 Feb type of fracture that has

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology Module 03 Case Study Question 1 Alyssa is a 74-year-old female patient who presents to her primary care provider for a routine physical. She states that she feels “quite healthy” and has no complaints other than mild back pain. She has a family history of various cancers, diabetes, and osteoporosis, so she knows that it is important to stay active and keep up with screenings and annual physical exams. Alyssa’s provider finds that she has lost 10 pounds since last year’s exam. She is almost a full inch shorter, as well. Alyssa’s provider suspects that she may have osteoporosis. Which other two factors would support that other diagnosis? Answers: Family history of cancer and obesity A history of smoking and being post-menopausal Taking calcium supplements and intense daily exercise Weight loss and history of surgery Question 2 Explain, in your own words, how Alyssa’s loss of height could be related to her possible osteoporosis diagnosis. Question 3 Alyssa’s provider orders a DEXA scan. Which of the following T-score outcomes would indicate a diagnosis of osteoporosis? Answers: -2.6 -1.4 +1.2 0 Question 4 Why might Alyssa’s provider ask her about her diet? Provide two reasons and explain how they are related to osteoporosis. Question 5 Explain how the body controls calcium levels in the bones and blood. Be sure to describe the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in detail. Question 6 Alyssa has been prescribed several medications over the past two decades for various reasons. Which of the following may have had an impact on developing osteoporosis? Answers: Steroid medication Antibiotics Cholesterol-lowering statins Over-the-counter antacid medication Question 7 Alyssa’s doctor recommends that she increase her calcium intake. List at least five foods that have high calcium content. Question 8 Alyssa does some research on risk factors for osteoporosis and comes across the term “peak bone mass.” In your own words, explain what peak bone mass means and at which age it typically occurs. Question 9 Which of the following choices has NOT been shown to cause a decrease in blood calcium levels? Answers: Caffeine Alcohol Cannabis Sodium Question 10 If Alyssa does have osteoporosis, can she reverse its effects on her bone density? Explain why or why not. What is the best course of action she can take to keep her bones as healthy as possible? Question 11 Kaysee is a 14-year-old athlete who was injured during a basketball game. Another player fell on the lateral aspect of her right leg as her foot was pinned in place. She was taken by ambulance to the hospital after having her lower leg splinted on the court. She is in extreme pain and every bump in the road makes the pain worse. When the ambulance arrived at the hospital, the ER physician ordered x-rays. Based on the limited information you are given, which of the following bones is most likely injured? Answers: Tibia Humerus Metatarsals Femur Question 12 The x-ray shows that both lower leg bones have been fractured. There is no break in the skin tissue. Which of the following terms describes the type of fracture that has occurred? Answers: Colles Simple Compound Greenstick Question 13 Kaysee has always been a fairly healthy child. She has no history of any major illness. However, her physician is surprised that she has sustained two fractured bones from a relatively mild trauma. List and describe three possible underlying conditions that would increase Kaysee’s risk of fracture. (Keep her age in mind.) Question 14 The time required for healing a fracture depends on all of the following except: Answers: Casting Patient’s age Nutrition Type of fracture Question 15 During bone healing, osteoclasts are by far the most active bone cells. Answers: True False Question 16 Which of the following may diminish Kaysee’s body’s ability to heal her fracture? Answers: Her history of athletic activity Vitamin D supplements An increase in calcium intake Over-the-counter pain medications Question 17 In your own words, describe the term “neoangiogenesis” and explain how it relates to fracture healing. Question 18 The first step in bone healing involves the formation of a: Answers: Soft callus Hemotoma Fibrous tissue Hard callous Question 19 Considering Kaysee’s age, could this injury impact bone growth at her epiphyseal plates? Why or why not? Question 20 Which of the following statements is true? Answers: A fibrocartilaginous callus is converted to bone tissue over time. The soft callus is composed of elastic tissue and collagen fibers. Formation of a soft callus is the first step in bone repair. Vascularization never returns to an injured bone site.

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