05 Feb small intestine

PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 1 Discussion Negative and Positive Feedback The human body is very complex and seeks to maintain a constant internal environment. This state of dynamic equilibrium is called homeostasis. Some diseases such as diabetes can impact the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. To maintain a relatively constant internal environment, the human body uses negative and positive feedback. For your initial post, answer the following question: As a medical professional, how would you explain the role negative and positive feedback plays in maintaining homeostasis to a newly diagnosed diabetic patient? For your reply post, consider and address the following questions: What do you think about your classmate’s explanation of negative and positive feedback? Is there anything else you would have discussed regarding homeostasis with the patient? Is it important to discuss which organ system(s) are impacted by diabetes? If so, which organ systems are impacted and what role do they play in homeostasis? Due dates for your initial and response posts can be found by checking the Course Syllabus and Course Calendar PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 2 Discussion Integument Procedures The integumentary system is an essential organ system, separating the external environment from the internal environment of the human body. As such, this system protects the body from the invasion of harmful substances, helping to maintain homeostasis. There are many medical procedures that affect the integumentary system, including hair transplants, lipoplasty, rhytidectomy, chemical peels, and collagen injections. For your initial post, address the following: Pick an integumentary procedure, either from the list above or from another procedure of your choice, and describe it. Describe the reasons an individual would undergo the procedure and any possible complications. Explain the direct and indirect effects the procedure has on the integumentary system. For your reply post, consider and address the following questions: What are the pros and cons of the procedure your classmate has described? Why do you think the number of these procedures are increasing each year? PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 3 Discussion Mental Health Conditions According the National Alliance on Mental Illness (2016), 1 in 5 adults will experience mental illness each year–that’s 20% of the American population. Examples of mental illness include anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. Like other chronic conditions, mental illnesses are marked by behavioral and biological components. For your initial post, address the following: Pick a mental illness and briefly describe it. Describe both the behavioral and biological components of the disease. What treatment options exist for each component of the disease? For your reply post, consider and address the following questions: Do you notice similarities among any of the conditions your classmates have discussed? If so, which ones? Do mental health stigmas exist? How might stigmas affect patient diagnosis and treatment? Reference National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2016). Mental health conditions. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 4 Discussion Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotics are one of the most highly utilized and important medication classes in medicine. Did you know that livestock animals such as cows, pigs, and chickens can receive antibiotics? Resistance to antibiotics is a growing concern, not only in humans but also in livestock animals. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in such a way that the effectiveness of drugs is reduced. For your initial post, research antibiotic resistance further and address the following: How does antibiotic resistance develop? What complications can occur from antibiotic resistance, both in humans and in livestock? Should we decrease the use of antibiotics in humans and livestock animals? For your reply post, address the following question: After reading your classmate’s initial discussion post, research and report on an opposing view. After reviewing both positions, what are your thoughts? PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 5 Discussion Role of Sex Education within Schools Sex education refers to an array of topics that comprise sexuality. Such topics may include contraception, human development, the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, and sexual behavior. The teaching of sex education to children has always had a big stigma attached to it, but it is an important topic for young individuals to learn. For your initial post, address the following: Research and report on the sex education protocols and regulations in your state. At what age should children be exposed to sex education topics? What topics should be discussed and why? Should sex education be mandated as part of the curriculum in public schools? Why? For your reply post, consider and address the following questions: Based on the responses of your classmates, what similarities and differences exist between states? If the subject is mandated, should parents be allowed to exempt their children? Based on this decision, are there public health risks? PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 02 Exploration Assignment – Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a bone disease marked by brittle and fragile bones. In this assignment, you will explore this disease in more detail using the scenario below. Scenario: During a recent visit with a female relative, the relative informs you that she has been diagnosed with osteopenia, a precursor to osteoporosis. In order to help your relative, you decide to research this disease further. To complete this assignment, do the following: Research this disease using a minimum of 2 sources. You can use your textbook for one of the sources. Choose the remaining source(s) from the GALE Virtual Reference Library provided on the Structure and Function of the Human Body library guide page. In a minimum of 2 pages (not counting the references page), address the following: Explain how osteoporosis develops and the potential causes. Describe the ways that your relative can prevent the onset of osteoporosis. Include a references page at the end of your document, formatted using the APA guidelines, that lists your research sources PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 03 Exploration Assignment – Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a condition that affects the central nervous system. In this assignment, you will explore this condition in more detail using the scenario below. Scenario: A friend of yours discloses that he was recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Being the caring friend you are, you wish to know more about the condition and how you can best support your friend. You decide to research this disease further. To complete this assignment, do the following: Research this disease using a minimum of 2 sources. You can use your textbook for one of the sources. Choose the remaining source(s) from the GALE Virtual Reference Library provided on the Structure and Function of the Human Body library guide page. In a minimum of 2 pages (not counting the references page), address the following: Explain how multiple sclerosis affects the nervous system. Describe the treatment options that are available for your friend. State whether it was possible for your friend to have prevented this condition. Include a references page at the end of your document, formatted using the APA guidelines, that lists your research sources. PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 04 Exploration Assignment – Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease is a common type of heart disease and the leading cause of death among both men and women in the United States. In this assignment, you will explore this disease in more detail using the scenario below. Scenario: One of your aging relatives is sedentary and smokes cigarettes. Out of concern for his health, you decide to research more about this disease. To complete this assignment, do the following: Research this disease using a minimum of 2 sources. You can use your textbook for one of the sources. Choose the remaining source(s) from the GALE Virtual Reference Library provided on the Structure and Function of the Human Body library guide page. In a minimum of 2 pages (not counting the references page), address the following: Explain how coronary artery disease develops in the human body. Describe the ways that your relative can prevent the onset of this disease. Explain what treatment options exist if steps to prevent the disease fail. Include a references page at the end of your document, formatted using the APA guidelines, that lists your research sources. PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 05 Exploration Assignment – Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function. In this assignment, you will explore this disease in more detail using the scenario below. Scenario: You are a healthcare provider who is preparing to meet with a patient who has recently been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease. You are tasked with explaining this disease and its treatment options to your patient. To complete this assignment, do the following: Research this disease using a minimum of 2 source(s). You can use your textbook for one of the sources. Choose the remaining sources from the GALE Virtual Reference Library provided on the Structure and Function of the Human Body library guide page. In a minimum of 2 pages (not counting the references page), address the following: Explain how chronic kidney disease develops and the potential causes. Describe the treatment options that exist. Include a references page at the end of your document, formatted using the APA guidelines, that lists your research sources. PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 01 Quiz Question 1 Which statement is true of cells? Answers: Active transport doesn’t require the use of energy (ATP). Before a cell divides into two new cells, it must replicate its DNA. The golgi apparatus produces proteins for the cells. The cells can only use carbohydrates to produce ATP. Question 2 Diffusion is a form of active transport. Answers: True False Question 3 Which term represents a structure further away from the midline of the body when compared to another structure? Answers: Lateral Superior Distal Proximal Question 4 Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell divide into two new cells? Answers: Mitosis Interphase Synthesis phase Gap phase Question 5 Which plane divides the body or section of the body into anterior and posterior portions? Answers: Frontal Transverse Midsagittal Sagittal Question 6 Within the anatomical position, the wrist compared to the heart is: Answers: Lateral Medial Distal Proximal Question 7 Physiology is the study of structure within the body, whereas anatomy is the study of function. Answers: True False Question 8 What organelle is responsible for the production of the ATP, our body’s energy compound? Answers: Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum Question 9 The body’s DNA contains the “instructions” or code for cells to produce proteins. Answers: True False Question 10 Body temperature, along with the majority of factors within the body, is regulated by positive feedback loops. Answers: True False Question 11 Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell make an extra set of DNA? Answers: Mitosis Interphase Synthesis phase Gap phase Question 12 What is the state of balance in which the body’s internal environment (factors) remains within normal ranges? Answers: Metabolism Feedback loop Homeostasis Palpation Question 13 The dorsal cavity contains which cavity or cavities? Answers: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Abdominopelvic cavity Cranial and spinal cavities Spinal cavity Question 14 What is NOT a component of a feedback loop? Answers: Receptor Metabolism Effectors Set point Question 15 Within the anatomical position, the knee compared to the ankle is: Answers: Inferior Anterior Proximal Distal Question 16 Which cellular structure is selectively permeable for specific items to freely pass through it? Answers: Golgi apparatus Lysosome Nucleus Plasma membrane Question 17 A negative feedback loop reverses or opposes the initial stimulus to return it back into the set point range. Answers: True False Question 18 What organelle or structure is the DNA, our genetic material, found within? Answers: Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum Question 19 Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Answers: True False Question 20 Which term refers to the movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration? Answers: Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Facilitated diffusion None of the above PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 02 Quiz Tissues and the Integumentary System Question 1 The process of fibrosis tissue repair occurs when damaged cells are replaced by new cells of the same type. Answers: True False Question 2 Which type of loose connective tissue is dominated by fat cells? Answers: Areolar tissue Adipose tissue Reticular tissue Nervous tissue Question 3 Which type of cell is responsible for the color and tone of our skin? Answers: Keratinocyte Melanocyte Stem cell Macrophage Question 4 Which type of muscle tissue is striated in appearance, is under voluntary control, and allows for body movement? Answers: Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Somatic Question 5 When comparing tissue types, it is important to examine and compare which characteristics? Answers: Cellular characteristics and location in the body Cellular characteristics and extracellular matrix space Location of the nucleus within the cell and location in the body Location of the cells and their overall size Question 6 Muscle tissue is categorized and divided into: Answers: Smooth, skeletal, somatic Skeletal, cardiac, smooth Cardiac, smooth, somatic Skeletal, cardiac, striated Question 7 Which type of tissue has a key function of protection and absorption and is classified according to the shape and layer of cells? Answers: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nerve tissue Question 8 What layer(s) of the skin are blood vessels found within? Answers: Dermis and epidermis Dermis, epidermis and hypodermis Dermis Epidermis Question 9 Which type of gland produces and secretes an oil substance that prevents the hair and skin from drying out? Answers: Eccrine gland Apocrine gland Sebaceous gland Ceruminous gland Question 10 A second-degree burn involves the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissue. Answers: True False Question 11 The melanocytes are found in the dermis. Answers: True False Question 12 The epidermis is in a continuously state of shedding old, dead cells and producing new cells to replace the ones lost. Answers: True False Question 13 Which type of gland is the most numerous within our skin and secretes sweat? Answers: Eccrine gland Apocrine gland Sebaceous gland Ceruminous gland Question 14 Which type of tissue is very diverse in the cellular type, typically contains a lot of matrix space, and functions as energy storage and structural support? Answers: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nerve tissue Question 15 Which type of connective tissue fiber provides structural support, resists stretch, and is the most abundant? Answers: Elastic fiber Collagen fiber Reticular fiber Sponge fiber Question 16 Which type of tissue allows for the transmission of electrical impulses that provide communication signals with the body? Answers: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nerve tissue Question 17 Keratin is a protective and tough protein secreted by the keratinocytes when they die within the epidermis. Answers: True False Question 18 Simple squamous epithelium tissue is commonly located in high friction areas of the body. Answers: True False Question 19 A permanent tattoo has ink found in which layer of the skin? Answers: Dermis Epidermis Epidermis and dermis Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis Question 20 Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous and has the highest potential for death? Answers: Melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Keratinoma PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 02 Quiz Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System Question 1 What term is given to the end of long bones? Answers: Epiphysis Diaphysis Lacuna Osteon Question 2 Which condition is expressed by an exaggeration of the thoracic curvature? Answers: Scoliosis Hyperkyphosis Lordosis Osteoporosis Question 3 Which bone cell assists in the production or synthesis of new matrix within bone tissue? Answers: Osteocyte Osteoblast Osteoclast Osteogenic Question 4 Blood cell formation is completed by red bone marrow and is a function of the skeletal system. Answers: True False Question 5 A herniated disc occurs when the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc places pressure on a spinal nerve. Answers: True False Question 6 The trabeculae of spongy bone is composed of different cells and structures in the extracellular matrix compared to osteons. Answers: True False Question 7 Which type of bone surface marking allows for muscle attachment? Answers: Articulation Projection Depression Passage Question 8 Which vertebrae allows the head to swivel from side to side? Answers: Atlas Axis L4 T3 Question 9 The false ribs do not directly attach to the anterior thoracic cage. Answers: True False Question 10 Which process of bone repair relates to when the broken bones are re-connected by a soft template of tissue? Answers: Hematoma formation Fibrocartilaginous callus Bony callus Bone remodeling Question 11 The femur is part of the axial skeleton. Answers: True False Question 12 Which classification of bone has an unusual appearance and can be varied in shape? Answers: Flat bones Irregular bones Long bones Short bones Question 13 Which bone cells help break down the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, specifically the calcium phosphate salt? Answers: Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes Erythrocytes Question 14 Which type of fracture occurs when a bone is broken into multiple pieces? Answers: Compound Comminuted Greenstick Spiral Question 15 Once the epiphyseal plates close, or are no longer functional, bones cannot grow longitudinally. Answers: True False Question 16 The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and the xiphoid process. Answers: True False Question 17 Which bone cell assists in the breakdown of the matrix of bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream? Answers: Osteocyte Osteoblast Osteoclast Osteogenic Question 18 What is the outer covering of bones that provides protection to the bone? Answers: Periosteum Endosteum Osteon Diaphysis Question 19 Osteoporosis is a bone disease that occurs when bone tissue loses enough mass to become extremely brittle. Answers: True False Question 20 Which section of the vertebral column contains seven vertebrae? Answers: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 03 Quiz The Muscular and Nervous Systems Question 1 What is released at a synapse between two neurons? Selected Answer: Neurotransmitter Answers: Hormones Neurotransmitter Calcium Electrical charge Question 2 Which neurons carry information from the central nervous system to the target gland, organ, or muscle? Answers: Afferent neurons Efferent neurons Interneurons Sensory neurons Question 3 Which type of muscle is found within internal organs such as the stomach, small intestine, bladder, and uterus within women? Answers: Striated muscle Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Question 4 Which statement is true regarding muscle contraction? Answers: The T-Tubules help transmit the action potential deep into the muscle cell stimulating the release of calcium. The thick filament needs ATP to bind to the thin filament. The axon terminal of the nerve cells comes into direct contact with the muscle cell. Muscle cells can contract with the use of calcium. Question 5 What begins the process of muscle contraction? Answers: Nerve impulse ATP Sodium Calcium Question 6 ATP is needed in muscle contraction for what process? Answers: For the thick filament and thin filament to bind For calcium to be released into the cytoplasm of the cell For the cross-bridge to occur For the release of the thick filament from the thin filament Question 7 What is true of the parasympathetic nervous system stimulation? Answers: It will increase the heart rate. It will dilate the pupils of the eye. It has a calming effect on the body. It will decrease the blood flow to and activity/function of the digestive system. Question 8 Which portion of the brain contains nuclei centers that control and regulate breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate? Answers: Cerebellum Cerebrum Brain stem Diencephalon Question 9 What is the main function of the neuroglia cells? Answers: Produce the electrical impulse Protect and assist the function of neurons Store memories Synthesize neurotransmitters Question 10 The autonomic nervous system (ANS) mainly influences the internal organs of the body. Answers: True False Question 11 Muscle cells are filled with specialized proteins that allow for contraction to occur. Answers: True False Question 12 The cranial nerves are classified as part of the peripheral nervous system and provide sensory and motor function primarily to the head and neck. Answers: True False Question 13 Which portion of the brain allows for balance, coordinated movement of large muscle groups, posture, and overall coordination? Answers: Cerebellum Cerebrum Brain stem Diencephalon Question 14 The sarcomeres are the smallest structural unit of a muscle cell and consists of a unique arrangement of thin and thick filaments. Answers: True False Question 15 What is the largest portion of the brain that allows for your ability to think, feel, see, and use social judgment? Answers: Cerebellum Cerebrum Brain stem Diencephalon Question 16 Grey matter of the central nervous system is a collection of neuron axons. Answers: True False Question 17 Which portion of the neuron contains the nucleus? Answers: Cell body (soma) Axon Glia cells Dendrites Question 18 White matter in the central nervous system (CNS) performs the neural integration–in other words, the decision-making process and storage of memories. Answers: True False Question 19 What best describes a muscle fascicle? Answers: A bundle of thick and thin filaments A bundle of muscles A bundle of muscle cells (fibers) The layer of the fascia around the muscle Question 20 The spinal cord relays information from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body via spinal nerve tracts. Answers: True False PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 03 Quiz General Senses and the Endocrine System Question 1 Which cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone somatostatin? Answers: Alpha cells Beta cells, Delta cells Red blood cells Question 2 Low energy, fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, hair loss, and constipation are some symptoms associated with a decreased production and secretion of which hormone? Answers: Thyroid hormone Melatonin Cortisol Insulin Question 3 Secretion of which hormone will decrease the blood glucose (sugar) levels? Answers: Growth hormone Melatonin Calcitonin Insulin Question 4 The general senses are only found in localized areas of the body, such as the head, and include pain, touch, and temperature sensation. Answers: True False Question 5 Which hormone influences the body’s metabolism rate? Answers: Cortisol Thyroid hormone Insulin Melatonin Question 6 Which receptors respond to tissue damage from trauma? Answers: Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Question 7 Hypothyroidism is a condition marked by a lowered metabolic rate which may cause fatigue and weight gain. Answers: True False Question 8 The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney. Answers: True False Question 9 Seasonal affective disorder is linked to low levels of melatonin. Answers: True False Question 10 Which endocrine gland secretes a hormone that influences the sleep-wake cycle? Answers: Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pituitary gland Pineal gland Question 11 Pain originating from the skin or joint that’s perceived as pain coming from an organ, such as the liver, is called referred pain. Answers: True False Question 12 Which endocrine gland secretes hormones that help the body adapt to stressful situations, reduce inflammation, and prepare the body for physical stimulation? Answers: Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Testes Pineal gland Question 13 Which receptors respond to factors such as pressure and stretch? Answers: Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Question 14 When blood calcium levels are low, which hormone is secreted? Answers: Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Insulin Thyroid hormone Question 15 The spleen secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon. Answers: True False Question 16 Hormones must bind to a receptor on or in the cell to trigger changes within that cell. Answers: True False Question 17 Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to retain water? Answers: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Prolactin Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin Question 18 Which endocrine gland is known as the “master gland,” influencing most of the body processes? Answers: Thyroid Pancreas Pituitary Gonads Question 19 Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands are regulated by a positive feedback loop. Answers: True False Question 20 Slow pain fibers produce a sharp, localized pain at the time of injury. Answers: True False PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 04 Quiz Blood and the Cardiovascular System Question 1 This valve separates right atrium from the right ventricle. Answers: Tricuspid valve Mitral valve Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Question 2 Which type of blood cell assists in the hemostasis process? Answers: Red blood cells White blood cells Neutrophils Platelets Question 3 Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the lungs? Answers: Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium Right atrium Question 4 Which terms refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute? Answers: Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Ejection fraction Question 5 Which chamber of the heart pumps blood out to the systemic (body) circuit? Answers: Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium Right atrium Question 6 Blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow found within spongy bone of the skeletal system. Answers: True False Question 7 The parasympathetic nervous system causes an increase in heart rate. Answers: True False Question 8 What role do the heart valves have within the function of the heart? Answers: They help pump the blood from one chamber to another. They help prevent the backflow of blood through the heart. They assist with the cardiac conduction system. They assist with the protection of the heart. Question 9 Which disorder is characterized by an excessive white blood cell count? Answers: Leukemia Anemia Polycythemia Sickle cell disease Question 10 What blood type is the universal donor? Answers: Type A Type AB Type B Type O Question 11 The right ventricle will pump oxygenated blood to the lungs. Answers: True False Question 12 What is true of the cardiac conduction system (pacemaker) of the heart? Answers: It causes the left side of the heart to contract first then the right side. It causes the right side of the heart to contract first then the left side. It causes both atria to contract then both ventricles to contract. It is controlled by conscious thought. Question 13 Which portion of the cardiac conduction system sets the heart rate? Answers: SA node AV node AV bundle Purkinje fibers Question 14 Which layer of the heart is the thickest and performs the work of the heart? Answers: Endocardium Epicardium Myocardium Pericardium Question 15 Which chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs? Answers: Left ventricle Right ventricle Left atrium Right atrium Question 16 Congestive heart failure occurs when a ventricle fails to effectively pump blood. Answers: True False Question 17 Which blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body? Answers: Erythrocytes Granulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Question 18 Which structure is responsible for carrying an impulse to both ventricles, causing them to contract at the same time? Answers: Atrioventricular node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers Sinoatrial node Question 19 The majority of plasma is composed of: Answers: Proteins Blood cells Water Solutes Question 20 The pericardium is the inner layer of the heart. Answers: True False PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 04 Quiz The Lymphatic, Immune, and Vascular Systems Question 1 Which blood vessel transports blood from the heart out to the body? Answers: Artery Vein Capillary Auxiliary Question 2 What is the largest lymphatic organ? Answers: Thymus Tonsils Spleen Lymph node Question 3 The lymph fluid collected within the lymphatic system is eventually returned to the bloodstream. Answers: True False Question 4 Lymph nodes produce immune cells. Answers: True False Question 5 What is true of a fever? Answers: It is classified as specific immunity. It helps decrease bacteria and viruses from replicating. It is triggered by the inflammation process. It results in the production of antibodies. Question 6 What is the purpose valves in the veins? Answers: To assist in pumping blood To prevent backflow To separate deoxygenated and oxygenated blood To redirect blood flow Question 7 The effectiveness of specific immunity depends on the number of times it is exposed to a pathogen. Answers: True False Question 8 Which type of nonspecific immunity serves as the body’s first line of defense? Answers: Antimicrobial proteins External barriers Natural killer cells Phagocytosis Question 9 Receiving the flu vaccine is classified as which type of immunity? Answers: Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity Question 10 Which immune system response causes an abnormal elevation in body temperature? Answers: Inflammation Interferons Natural killer cells Pyrexia (fever) Question 11 Arteries typically carry blood that is oxygenated? Answers: True False Question 12 Edema occurs when fluid filters out of the capillaries slower than it can be reabsorbed. Answers: True False Question 13 Which blood vessel transports blood back to the heart from the body? Answers: Artery Vein Capillary Auxiliary Question 14 What is the primary reason that blood constantly circulates throughout the body? Answers: Beating of the heart Low blood viscosity Pressure gradients Vasoconstriction and dilation Question 15 Common allergies to tree pollen and animals would be classified as which type of immune dysfunction? Answers: Autoimmune Hypersensitivity Immunodeficiency Phagocytosis Question 16 Which blood vessel allows for gas and nutrient exchange to occur between the blood and body? Answers: Artery Vein Capillary Auxiliary Question 17 Non-specific immunity effectiveness is dependent upon the number of times it is exposed to a pathogen, such as a specific type of bacteria? Answers: True False Question 18 Which immune dysfunction occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own healthy tissue and cells? Answers: Autoimmune Hypersensitivity Immunodeficiency Phagocytosis Question 19 What is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? Answers: Regulation and maintenance of fluid balance Regulation and maintenance of erythrocytes (red blood cells) Absorption of fats Assisting in the process of immunity Question 20 Veins can influence blood pressure because they can undergo vasoconstriction and vasodilation? Answers: True False PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 05 Quiz The Respiratory and Urinary Systems Question 1 Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in the: Answers: Alveolar ducts Alveoli Bronchi Trachea Question 2 For air to enter into the lungs, the intrapulmonary pressure (pressure within the lungs) has to be higher than the atmospheric pressure. Answers: True False Question 3 What portion of the nephron is charged with making urine? Answers: Afferent arteriole Bowman’s capsule Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Question 4 Renal insufficiency occurs when there is extensive damage to nephrons, impairing the ability of the kidney to function. Answers: True False Question 5 Which hormone causes an increase in blood volume and pressure? Answers: Atrial natriuretic peptide Antidiuretic hormone Growth hormone Parathyroid hormone Question 6 What is the role of the epiglottis? Answers: Prevents food and liquids from entering into the larynx and trachea Helps filter the incoming air Prevents the collapse of the lungs Provides moisture to the incoming air Question 7 The respiratory muscles allow for the thoracic cavity to expand, which increases the lung volume and decreases the intrapulmonary pressure. Answers: True False Question 8 What is the main muscle involved in pulmonary ventilation? Answers: Rectus abdominis External intercostals Diaphragm Internal intercostals Question 9 What muscle is not involved in the pulmonary ventilation (respiration) process? Answers: Diaphragm muscle Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle Intercostal muscles Latissimus dorsi muscle Question 10 For oxygen gas exchange to occur between the lungs and circulatory system (blood vessels) there has to be a high concentration of oxygen in the blood vessels and a low concentration of oxygen in the lungs. Answers: True False Question 11 What statement is true regarding the upper respiratory system? Answers: It consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. The pharynx contains the vocal cords. The epiglottis assists filtering the incoming air. The nasal cavity will assist in filtering, warming, and humidifying the incoming air. Question 12 The urethra transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. Answers: True False Question 13 Reabsorption of nutrients and substances within the kidneys occurs within the renal tubular portion of the nephron. Answers: True False Question 14 What is the basic functional tissue of the urinary system? Answers: Bladder Ureter Nephron Kidney Question 15 The pleura of the lungs assist in the pulmonary ventilation and allow the lungs to expand without any friction in the thoracic cavity. Answers: True False Question 16 Which respiratory condition is marked by spasms in the bronchi making it difficult to breathe? Answers: Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder Cystic fibrosis Pulmonary fibrosis Question 17 What statement is true regarding the kidneys? Answers: Both kidneys share one ureter that drains to the bladder. Internally, it is only composed of the medulla region. Damage to the nephrons will cause kidney dysfunction and impairment to their overall function. The erythrocytes are commonly filtered into the Bowman’s capsule region. Question 18 The term micturition refers to the process of sending urine down from the kidneys to the bladder. Answers: True False Question 19 Which portion of the nephron is involved in producing the filtrate from the blood? Answers: Renal corpuscle Collecting duct Renal tubule Ureter Question 20 The glomerulus is the portion of the nephron that fluid, mostly blood plasma, is filtered out of and is collected in the Bowman’s capsule. Answers: True False PHA1500 A Structure and Function of the Human Body Module 05 Quiz The Digestive and Reproductive Systems Question 1 Which cells are located between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone? Answers: Germ cells Interstitial cells Sertoli cells Oocytes Question 2 Where is most fat digested? Answers: Duodenum Large intestine Mouth Stomach Question 3 Where are sperm produced? Answers: Seminal vesicle Epididymis Seminiferous tubules Spermatic cord Question 4 What statement best describes the role of the epididymis? Answers: Produces sperm Allows sperm to mature and is a storage location for sperm Produces the hormone testosterone Produces fluids that are ejaculated with the sperm Question 5 The majority of semen consists of: Answers: Sperm Prostatic fluid Seminal vesicle fluid Bulbourethral fluid Question 6 Which type of nutrient is considered sugars and is the primary energy source for the body? Answers: Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Vitamins Question 7 During ovulation, a mature egg cell is ovulated from the uterus into the fallopian tube. Answers: True False Question 8 The accessory organ of the digestive system that produces digestive enzymes is the: Answers: Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Question 9 What is true of the uterine (menstrual) cycle? Answers: It describes the changes that occur within the uterus and vagina. It involves the development of the inner layer of the uterus for a possible fertilized egg. Hormones secreted from the vagina influence the uterine (menstrual) cycle. Estrogen and progesterone have no influence on the uterine (menstrual) cycle. Question 10 Which enzyme begins the breakdown of starch in the mouth? Answers: Amylase Lipase Pepsin Trypsin Question 11 The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine. Answers: True False Question 12 Erectile tissues are found in the shaft of the penis that fill with blood to allow for erection. Answers: True False Question 13 Which layer of the alimentary canal is exposed to the food we eat and ingest? Answers: Submucosa Mucosa Serosa Muscularis layer Question 14 Bile and pancreatic juices are secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine. Answers: True False Question 15 During which phase of the ovarian cycle does a spike in LH cause the follicle to rupture and release the ovum? Answers: Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Menstration Question 16 Which organ of the female reproductive system produces the eggs and sex hormones estrogen and progesterone? Answers: Uterus Vagina Ovary Fallopian tubes Question 17 Mechanical digestion is dependent upon digestive enzymes. Answers: True False Question 18 Most of the mechanical digestion occurs in the small intestines. Answers: True False Question 19 Which term refers to a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach? Answers: Duodenum Esophagus Ileum Larynx Question 20 What structure secretes progesterone during the last half of the ovarian cycle? Answers: Acini Corpus albicans Corpus luteum Ovarian follicle

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