06 Feb Ca2+ is a cofactor needed for many e

BIOS251 Anatomy & Physiology I with Lab

Week 5 Chapter 6 Assessment

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.

hyaline cartilage

periosteum

articular cartilage

adipose tissue

none of these choices

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process.

interstitial growth

growth at the epiphyseal plate

intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification

appositional growth

An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this woman have?

open (compound) fracture

closed fracture

comminuted fracture

greenstick fracture

stress fracture

In terms of bone health, why would a physician advise an older patient to do more weight-bearing activity such as walking, jogging, or use of moderate weights?

it promotes normal bone remodeling

osteoblasts deposit more minerals salts and collagen fibers as a response to mechanical stress

being sedentary (not physically active) promotes bone loss through resorption by osteoclasts

bone formation in stressed bones is stimulated by the tug of muscles (when exercising)

all of these explain why a physician would give such advice to a patient

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor?

a greater rate of bone resorption results in loss of calcium salts from the bone matrix

with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength

a loss of the ability of bone cells to synthesize vitamin C needed for collagen synthesis

most elderly people are deficient in vitamins A and D, and also in calcium

for women and men, the complete loss of estrogen means that all older individuals will develop osteoporosis

Which is not a function of the skeletal system?

assistance in movement

support

protection

mineral homeostasis

carbohydrate storage

Which is not a function of calcium in the body?

blood clotting

cofactor for many enzymes

nerve function

epithelium function

muscle function

Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?

insulin like growth factors

thyroid hormones

human growth hormone

insulin

sex hormones

Which of the following tissues could be found on or within a bone, such as the humerus?

adipose tissue

nervous tissue

cartilage

osseous tissue

all of these

Which represents the correct sequence of development of bone cells?

osteoprogenitor cells → osteocytes → osteoblasts → osteoclasts

osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteoprogenitor cells → osteocytes

osteoclasts → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteoprogenitor cells

osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes

osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes → osteoclasts

Which of the following is mismatched?

Periosteal arteries – supply the periosteum and outer part of the bone.

The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann’s canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone.

Metaphyseal arteries help to supply the red bone marrow and tissue of the metaphysis.

Epiphyseal arteries supply the epiphysis red bone marrow and tissue.

Which bone cell in the diagram below transports nutrients and wastes through tiny canals radiating from the lacunae?

A

B

C

D

Which of the following labeled structures in the diagram is a site of red blood cell production in adult bones?

A

B

E

F

G

PTH will increase _______ activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________ activity.

Osteoblast; osteoclast

Osteoclast; osteoblast

Osteoblast; osteoblast

Osteoclast; osteoclast

Which of the following is a function of calcium in the body?

nerve cells require extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) for proper functioning

Ca2+ is a cofactor needed for many enzymes to function properly

Ca2+ is required for the process of blood clotting

Ca2+ is needed by muscle cells for contraction

all of these are important roles of calcium in the body