Practically Speaking by J. Dan Rothwell

© 2018 2

Chapter 5 Using Supporting Materials Effectively

• Identifying Types of Supporting Materials

• Competent Use of Examples

• Competent Use of Statistics

• Competent Use of Testimony

© 2018 3

Chapter 5 Learning Objectives

• 5.1 Strategically use examples to improve understanding and to support points in a given speech.

• 5.2 Accurately select statistics when appropriate to support content in a given speech.

• 5.3 Identify how competently using principle types of testimony can support claims in a given speech.

© 2018 4

What are Supporting Materials?

Supporting materials are the examples, statistics, and

testimony used to bolster a speaker’s assertions

© 2018 5

Four Goals of Supporting Materials

1. To Clarify Points

2. To Support Claims

3. To Gain Interest

4. To Create Impact

© 2018 6

Using Examples Competently

Four Types of Examples: Hypothetical

Real Brief

Extended

Examples are specific instances of a general category of objects, ideas, people, places,

actions, experiences, or phenomena

© 2018 7

Hypothetical Examples: It Could Happen

• Used to describe an imaginary situation to illustrate an idea or make a point

• Hypothetical examples should be consistent with known facts to be believable

• Zombie Apocalypse—OK, “could happen” is silly, but you get the picture!

© 2018 8

Real Examples: It Did Happen

• Real examples have immediacy and genuineness • Hypothetical examples can lack this

• Can have profound impact and increase credibility

© 2018 9

Brief Examples: Short and to the Point

• Brief examples help mitigate short attention spans and information overload

• Works well to maintain audience interest

© 2018 10

Extended Examples: Telling a Story

• Some examples require telling a detailed story for full impact

• Ensure your story fits within time constraints

© 2018 11

Using Examples Effectively: Choose Carefully

• Use relevant examples: Stay on point

• Choose vivid examples: Create images

• Use representative examples: Reflect what is

accurate

• Be mindful of the vividness effect

• Stack examples when one is not enough

© 2018 12

Using Statistics Competently • Statistics are measures of what is true or factual

expressed in numbers

• A well-chosen statistic can:

• Support claims

• Show trends

• Correct false assumptions

• Validate hypotheses

• Contradict myths

© 2018 13

Choose Statistics for Effect • Use accurate statistics accurately

• Don’t distort information

• Make statistics concrete and meaningful

• Make statistical comparisons to gain perspective

• Use credible sources

• Objectivity and accuracy are essential

• Stack statistics to create an impact

• Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends and analysis

© 2018 14

Use Accurate Statistics Accurately

Minimum Wage for U.S. workers:

1969: $1.60

2019: $7.25

Minimum Wage Adjusted for Inflation:

1969: $10.95

2019: $7.25

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

© 2018 15

Make Statistics Concrete

Question: How hot is Venus (the hottest planet in our solar system)?

Answer: 864 degrees Fahrenheit (average)

© 2018 16

Make Statistics Concrete (cont.)

According to Astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Venus is hot enough to bake a pizza in 3 seconds.

© 2018 17

Make Statistical Comparisons

Pay Gap between CEOs and Average U.S. Worker

1980: CEOs made 42 times more $$$

2017: CEOs made 361 times more $$$

Source: Quinnell, K. (2018, May 22). Retrieved from:

https://aflcio.org/2018/5/22/executive-paywatch-2018-gap-between-ceo-and-worker-compensation-continues-gro w

© 2018 18

Use Credible Sources for All Statistics

• Internet websites are not necessarily credible sources for statistics.

• Blogging sites almost always have a biased point of view.

• “Studies show” and “research indicates” are not credible source citations for statistics.

• All statistics, except the most common (e.g., 50 states in the U.S.) require a credible source.

© 2018 19

Stack Statistics for Impact

When one statistic simply won’t do:

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that persons with a high school degree have a median weekly income of $730. By comparison, persons with an Associate’s degree make $862, workers with a Bachelor’s degree make $1,198, those with a Master’s degree take in $1,434 a week, and individuals with a doctorate earn $1,825 a week.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019

© 2018 20

Use Visual Aids to Clarify Statistical Trends and Analysis

A simple graph can make overwhelming numbers more comprehensible

© 2018 21

Using Testimony Competently

Types of Testimony:

• Testimony of Experts

• Eyewitness Testimony

• Testimony of Non-Experts

A testimony is a firsthand account of events or the conclusions offered publicly by experts on a topic.

© 2018 22

How to Use Testimony Effectively

• Quote or paraphrase accurately • Do not shorten quotes to take on a different

meaning • Do not delete important qualifiers from

statements

• Use qualified sources • Testimony from non-experts and eyewitnesses

can be highly unreliable

© 2018 23

General Consideration Across Types of Supporting Materials

• Choose interesting supporting materials • Cite sources completely and unambiguously • Source citations should include (at minimum):

1. Source name 2. Qualifications of the source (if not obvious) 3. Outlet where evidence can be found 4. Date of the publication

• Abbreviate repetitive source citations • Combine examples, statistics, and quotes

© 2018 24

Review of Chapter 5 Learning Objectives

• 5.1 Strategically use examples to improve understanding and to support points in a given speech.

• 5.2 Accurately select statistics when appropriate to support content in a given speech.

• 5.3 Identify how competently using principle types of testimony can support claims in a given speech.

Practically Speaking by J. Dan Rothwell

© 2018 2

Chapter 4 Gathering Material

• Using the Internet for Finding Quality Research

• Evaluating Internet Research and Information

• Using Libraries Effectively

• Conducting Interviews to Generate your own

Relevant Information

© 2018 3

Chapter 4 Learning Objectives

• 4.1 Properly use online research to select credible sources for a given speech.

• 4.2 Effectively distinguish which library resources can help a speaker locate credible sources for a given speech.

• 4.3 Identify how effectively planning and conducting interviews can add expert citations for a given speech.

© 2018 4

Gathering Material

College Libraries Virtual Libraries

WikipediaBlogging Sites

Newspapers

Periodicals Books

Interviews

© 2018 5

The Internet: Online Research

• Search Engines (e.g. Google, Bing, Yahoo)

• Virtual Libraries (e.g. Universal Digital Library)

• Government Sites (e.g. U.S. Census Bureau)

• Survey Sites (e.g. Pew Research Center)

• Wikipedia

• News and Blogging Sites

• Famous Quotation Sites (e.g. Brainyquote)

© 2018 6

INTERNET SEARCH TIPS

1. Use nouns, not articles, pronouns, conjunctions, or prepositions

2. Use no more than 6 to 8 keywords

3. Combine keywords into phrases using quotation marks (e.g. “solar energy”)

4. Spell carefully

5. Avoid redundant terms

6. After accessing 20-30 sites, try a different keyword search

© 2018 7

Evaluating Internet Information

Four steps to evaluating information online:

1. Consider the source

2. Consider source bias

3. Determine document currency

4. Use fact-checking sites

© 2018 8

Evaluating Internet Information: Consider the Source

“Not because of sound science, but because of its absence, marijuana was classified as a schedule 1 substance.” Dr. Sanjay Gupta, August 8, 2013 CNN Health

The CNN biography provides credible source information about Sanjay Gupta.

© 2018 9

Evaluating Internet Information: Consider Source Bias

Are These Biased Sources?

• Vitacost

• Health Central

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• National Center for Complementary & Integrative Health

• Earth Clinic

© 2018 10

Evaluating Internet Information: Evaluating Document Currency

Even a day may affect the currency of information

• “Pluto will remain our ninth planet.” August 24, 2006

• “[A]stronomers voted for…demoting Pluto down to a new classification…” August 25, 2006

© 2018 11

Evaluating Internet Information: Fact Checking

• The validity of claims can be checked for accuracy at a number of sites

• Examples of Fact Checking Politicians: – Donald Trump’s May 22, 2019 Fox News interview

fact checked

– Joe Biden fact checked – Nancy Pelosi fact checked – Presidential candidates, 2007-2016, fact checked

© 2018 12

Evaluating Internet Information

© 2018 13

Evaluating Internet Information (cont.)

Let’s ask Snopes.com…

© 2018 14

Evaluating Internet Information (cont.)

Hmmm…Snopes?

© 2018 15

Library Research

Video: Ask a Librarian

© 2018 16

Library Research

• Ask your librarian for help with navigating and accessing information

• Do keyword searches in online library catalogues

• Browse periodicals and newspapers for current and archived popular information

• Use reference works and databases

© 2018 17

Interviewing

• Prepare an interview plan • Act appropriately • Interview by email if face-to-face is not possible

© 2018 18

Interviewing: Come Prepared with an Interview Plan

Before your interview, decide:

• What you hope to find • Who you will interview and why • A specific meeting time and place • Prepared questions – Ask open-ended questions – Avoid questions that have obvious answers – Avoid leading questions

© 2018 19

Interviewing: Act Appropriately

• Dress appropriately • Be on time • Do not record your interview without explicit

consent from your interviewee

• Avoid meandering into unproductive side conversations

• Take careful notes • Stay within allotted time • Thank your interviewee for their time

© 2018 20

Interviewing: Interviewing by Email

• Helpful when experts are not local or are unavailable face- to-face

• Make a short, initial inquiry about being interviewed

• If the expert agrees, be brief and concise

• Ask only a few well-phrased, precise questions

© 2018 21

Review of Chapter 4 Learning Objectives

• 4.1 Properly use online research to select credible sources for a given speech.

• 4.2 Effectively distinguish which library resources can help a speaker locate credible sources for a given speech.

• 4.3 Identify how effectively planning and conducting interviews can add expert citations for a given speech.

Practically Speaking by J. Dan Rothwell

© 2018 2

Chapter 3 Audience Analysis and Topic Selection

• Types of Audiences

• Audience Composition

• Audience Adaptation

• Topic Choice

© 2018 3

Chapter 3 Learning Objectives

• 3.1 Identify speaker challenges associated with the five different audience types.

• 3.2 Identify components of audience composition that a speaker must consider during speech preparation.

• 3.3 Describe ways to effectively adapt speech content to audiences and situations.

• 3.4 Select suitable topics that adapt to the speaker, the given audience, and occasion.

© 2018 4

Five Types of Audiences

1. Captive

2. Committed

3. Contrary

4. Concerned

5. Casual

© 2018 5

Captive Audience: Disengaged Listeners

A captive audience assembles to hear you speak because it is compelled to

© 2018 6

Committed Audience: Agreeable Listeners

A committed audience voluntarily assembles to invest time and energy being inspired by a speaker

© 2018 7

Contrary Audience: Hostile Listeners

Hostile audience members are more likely to engage in ambushing. Speakers should defuse audience anger, not

ignite it further.

© 2018 8

Concerned Audience: Eager Listeners

Concerned audience members gather voluntarily because they care about issues and ideas

© 2018 9

Casual Audience: Unexpected Listeners

Casual listeners may hear a speaker and stop out of curiosity or casual interest

© 2018 10

Application

What type of audience formed during the 2018 “March For Our Lives” anti-gun gathering in

Washington, D.C.?

© 2018 11

Audience Composition

• Research and ascertain the attitudes, beliefs,

and values of your listeners

• Recognize the diversity of audience members

• Consider the demographics of your audience

members

© 2018 12

Audience Characteristics to Consider • Age – Be mindful of possible generational gaps

• Gender – Go beyond simplistic stereotypes

• Ethnicity and Culture – Avoid ethnocentrism

• Group Affiliations – Groups reveal values, beliefs, and attitudes

• Other characteristics to consider: sexual orientation, income, education level

© 2018 13

Adapting to Diverse Audiences and Situations: Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Audiences

Heterogenous Audience Homogeneous Audience

© 2018 14

Adapting to Diverse Audiences

• Establish Identification

• Build Credibility

• Adapt to the Situation

• Adapt While Speaking

© 2018 15

Establishing Identification: Connecting with your Audience

• Likeability – Promote social cohesion

• Stylistic Similarity – Looking and acting the

part

• Substantive Similarity – Establishing

common ground

© 2018 16

Build Credibility: Establishing Believability

• Credibility is judgements made concerning the believability of a speaker

• Four dimensions of credibility: 1. Competence

2. Trustworthiness

3. Dynamism

4. Composure

© 2018 17

Adapt to the Situation: Influence of Circumstance

• Remain flexible in adapting to variations of physical settings and the size of your audience

• Be mindful of: – Speaking indoors vs. outdoors – Face-to-face vs. mediated presentations – Size and layout of the room or space – Ability to use visual aids

• It is a good idea to examine the space you will be speaking in prior to your presentation

© 2018 18

Adapt While Speaking: Exhibit Sensitivity

• Be receptive of signals and feedback being sent by your audience

• As you become more experienced, adapting to your audience becomes easier

How can you tell if your audience is losing interest? What should you do if you notice this

while speaking?

© 2018 19

Topic Choice and Audience Adaptation

Four Ways to Explore Potential Speech Topics:

1. Do a personal inventory

– Review your personal experiences and interests

2. Brainstorm new possibilities

– Move beyond your personal inventory

3. Crowdsource by seeking group wisdom

– Solicit help from friends and classmates

4. Scan books, magazines, newspapers, and websites for ideas

© 2018 20

Appropriateness of Topic: Blending Topic and Audience

Your topic should be appropriate for:

You

+

Your Listeners

+

The Occasion

© 2018 21

What Topics Are Inappropriate?

• Offensive

• Trivial

• Demeaning

• Advocate illegal activities

• Encourage unethical behavior

© 2018 22

Is this topic inappropriate? Why or why not?

© 2018 23

Narrowing the Topic: Making Subjects Manageable

• Brainstorm specific subtopics within the

general topic

• Be mindful of staying within your time limit

• If your topic is too broad to stay within

time constraints, consider changing your

topic to something more specific

© 2018 24

Review of Chapter 3 Learning Objectives

• 3.1 Identify speaker challenges associated with the five different audience types.

• 3.2 Identify components of audience composition that a speaker must consider during speech preparation.

• 3.3 Describe ways to effectively adapt speech content to audiences and situations.

• 3.4 Select suitable topics that adapt to the speaker, the given audience, and occasion.

Our website has a team of professional writers who can help you write any of your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE. To make an Order you only need to click Ask A Question and we will direct you to our Order Page at WriteEdu. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.

Do you need help with this question?

Get assignment help from WriteEdu.com Paper Writing Website and forget about your problems.

WriteEdu provides custom & cheap essay writing 100% original, plagiarism free essays, assignments & dissertations.

With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.

Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.

Click here to Place your Order Now