04 Apr Write a Methodology assignment, in which you select a research design and method to be used in the study. This design is how YOU plan on conducting your research. This is not how ot

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Chapter 2

Jalisa Suknanan

Florida State College at Jacksonville

3/17/2023

LITERATURE REVIEW

Discrimination at Work

Discrimination at work refers to a situation where an employee or a group of employees are treated differently because of some characteristics that they have but the rest of the employees do not possess the same characteristics.

Types of Discrimination

i. Direct Discrimination

Fibbi, Midtboen, and Simon (2021), state that different types of discrimination can be witnessed at work. They state that the first type of discrimination is direct discrimination. This happens when an employee or a group of employees is treated less favorably as compared to others due to specific characteristics. One example of direct discrimination at work is racial discrimination. An employee might be denied a chance to be promoted to a higher rank because of their race. Fibbi et al state that there are instances where particular races are preferred for some position, this is direct discrimination and is disadvantageous to the victim.

ii. Indirect Discrimination

Indirect discrimination is when there is a policy or a rule at work that applies to everyone else in the same way; however, the same denies other people some privileges. Indirect discrimination is not deliberately directed at a particular person but some employees are affected. The authors of Migration and Discrimination argue that one example of indirect discrimination is evident in airline companies where it is required that for one to be an air hostess, they must be of a particular body size and shape and must be within a given range of weight. As much as the rule is for the benefit of the company, it discriminates against other employees that would be interested in being hostesses but do not have the required body.

iii. Harassment

Harassment refers to intimidation or aggressive pressure (Cohn, 2019). Different places of work experience different forms of harassment. For instance, there is sexual harassment. It is a type of discrimination that affects people when they are mistreated and handled in a sexually inappropriate manner. In the workplace, sexual harassment can happen when an employee pressures another for sexual desires. A manager might forcefully want to have sexual relations with a junior employee against will. When the junior employee resists the advances, they are threatened or mistreated in a manner that is against the company policies. They are intimidated or pressured to give in to their seniors’ sexual needs. According to Cohn, this is sexual harassment that should be discouraged.

iv. Victimization

Victimization is when an employee is treated badly because they tried to access their legal rights. In many situations, employees want their employees to always be under them and obey their orders, they do not want employees to be too smart because the top manager will feel threatened. When an employee does something right but it is against the will of their employers or their supervisors, they might be mistreated to influence them to stop pursuing their rights. ague that victimization compromises productivity, therefore, it should be discouraged at all costs.

Reasons for Discrimination

There are different reasons why discrimination is practiced at work, regardless, it is not justified.

i. Gender

Gender can be a reason for discrimination in the workplace (Seiner, 2019). Different duties and responsibilities are reserved for a specific gender. This is a topic that is not usually discussed, but it is a form of gender discrimination. For example, companies whose processes are more physical prefer to hire men as compared to women. A perfect example is a construction company. Such companies mostly hire men, they avoid women because they believe they are not energetic as men are. It should be noted that some women are stronger than some men, however, it would be almost impossible for a lady to be hired by a construction company. Just because someone belongs to a particular gender, they do not have equal opportunity. This is discrimination.

ii. Religion

In simple terms, religion refers to the belief and worship of a superhuman. Some workplaces are founded on specific religious beliefs and they are part of their core values. This implies that such companies will prefer hiring employees who belong to a particular religion because they have the same faith. In case there is an employee who does not believe in the religious foundations of the company, they might be treated differently. They will be discriminated against and might be denied opportunities to progress in their careers. religion is one of the reasons why some employees are discriminated against. An effective workplace needs to encourage freedom of worship and allow employees from different religious backgrounds.

iii. Sexual Orientation

Different people have different sexual orientations and this affects how they are treated at work (Seiner, 2019). For instance, there is the LGBT community (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender). This is a group of people that associate themselves with same-sex marriages and relationships. Some employees at work might not feel comfortable working with members of this community. For example, if in a group of 10 employees, only one of them is an LGBT member while the rest are not, such a member might be discriminated against. If they are assigned duties in pairs and a young man is paired with a gay older male, the young man will not feel free to work. Employees will avoid working with this member and he will feel left out. This is a case where a person is treated differently because of their sexual orientation. As much as sexual orientation is not directly linked to performance at work, it might result in discrimination.

iv. Disability

One of the most common reasons why discrimination is exercised at work is a disability. People who are abled differently do not get many opportunities at work because it is believed that their disabilities will limit their performance. To some extent, this is true, however, not always. Seiner (2019) argues that employees that are physically challenged have problems or difficulties with mobility. Depending on the exact form of disability, some employees are highly immobile, they can only move when they are assisted. Many employees would not want to have such members of their teams because they feel like they will drag the team behind. This is silent discrimination in the sense that other employees will try to avoid working with their colleagues who are physically challenged.

Effects of Discrimination

As aforementioned, discrimination is when employees are treated differently because of their characteristics. Generally, discrimination has negative effects.

i. Decreased Productivity

When an employee knows that they are discriminated against, they lose morale and lack the motivation to work. This will have a huge impact on their productivity and overall performance. state that employees work well in a friendly environment because they feel like they are supported. However, if they find the environment hostile, they will not be motivated to work and this will negatively affect their productivity. When an employee is discriminated against, they will mostly be in low spirits because they feel like nobody wants them. The book states that their performance will drop drastically.

ii. Absenteeism

As stated earlier, discrimination negatively affects the motivation of an employee. An employee who experiences discrimination will not be excited to go to work because of how they are treated. This will cause them to start missing work, they will be absent from time to time and this will create more load for other employees. Discriminated employees will come up with false reasons to be absent from work because they prefer being elsewhere (Colella & King, 2018). When employees are absent, their duties and responsibilities are not attended to. Departments will fail to meet their targets and this will affect the overall performance of the organization. organizations need to use all means possible to create friendly working environments by discouraging discrimination between employees.

iii. Increased Employee Turnover

Employee turnover is the rate at which employees leave an organization. When an employee is discriminated against, they do not feel comfortable being at the company. If this continues for a long time, such an employee will consider leaving the organization. Discrimination can make employees leave an organization at a high rate. For an organization to be productive, it needs to maintain its employees for long periods, however, due to discrimination, employees will prefer not to work with a given company. If in every month one or two employees leave an organization, then the reputation of such an organization will be soiled. There will be concerns about why it cannot maintain its employees. This will affect its public image and clients as well as other stakeholders might be concerned.

iv. Law Suits

Discrimination can lead to lawsuits (Chowdhury, 2022). Depending on how an employee has been discriminated against, they can file a lawsuit and it might be costly for the organization. for example, if an employee files a lawsuit about sexual harassment by a senior manager in the company, this could have adverse effects on the business. The company might lose lucrative partnerships and deals. Investors might pull out their resources from the company and this will affect its ability to do business. Discrimination can be a serious matter if the victim decides to use the law. A company that is always discriminating against its employees will constantly be involved in legal tussles. It will lose focus as it tries to sanitize its name and do business at the same time. Businesses need to avoid discrimination. This is a move that will enable them to avoid legal challenges.

How to Handle Discrimination at Work

Given the effect that discrimination has on employees and organizations, it should be avoided. Several strategies can be used to eliminate discrimination in the workplace.

i. Respect Cultural Differences

Every culture has its beliefs and principles. A typical workplace attracts employees from different backgrounds and this implies that they also have different beliefs (Diallo, 2020). Employees should not be discriminated against based on their cultures, instead, they should be allowed to practice their culture as long as they can effectively deliver their duties and responsibilities and they also do not interfere with other people. Respecting other people’s cultures will increase tolerance and will eliminate discrimination. The workplace will be a better place when cultural differences are respected.

ii. Work Professionally

In every workplace, there is a professional code of conduct that guides employees on how they should work, especially when they are at work. The professional code of conduct outlines the specific behaviors that employees need to engage in. One of the ways to avoid discrimination is by adhering to the professional code of conduct. This will ensure that employees and top management officials behave in a manner that is related to their profession. Whatever they engage in will be related to personal and organizational performance. By focusing on this, there will be no time to discriminate against others because that is not part of the professional code of conduct (England, 2021). This is a strategy that will enable employees to focus on what is relevant.

iii. Avoiding Situations that are Likely to Lead to Discrimination or Harassment

One of the most effective ways to deal with discrimination is distancing from situations that will end in discrimination. In a typical workplace, different things happen and it is possible to tell how it is likely to end. In case it is sensed that such a situation might lead to discrimination, it should be avoided as early as possible. For instance, if an employee is being bullied because of their sexual orientation, this will likely lead to discrimination. Such a confrontation should be ended before it escalates to uncontrollable levels. Similarly, employees should be trained on best practices so that they do not harass one another. They need to see each other as colleagues or workmates. They should not judge others based on their culture or any other specific and unique characteristics.

iv. Report Case of Discrimination

Employees are highly encouraged to report any cases of discrimination that they experience or witness (EEOC, 2020). This will create a sense of accountability because whoever engages in such activities will be held responsible and will be handled according to company policies or the law. Reporting cases of discrimination to relevant internal and external authorities will discourage the behavior because of the possible punishment. Discrimination does not have any positive impacts on individual employees or the organization as a whole. It is a practice that must be discouraged through all means possible. In case the senior employees are the perpetrators, lawsuits can be filed against them so that they are held responsible for their actions.

References

Chowdhury, F. (2022). Self-Compassion in the Face of Discrimination: Buffering the Effects of Discrimination on the Mental Health of Sexual Minorities of Colour. Montreal: McGill University Library.

Cohn, S. (2019). Race, Gender, and Discrimination at Work. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis.

Colella, A. & King, E. (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Workplace Discrimination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Diallo, I. (2020). Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism Against Africans and Siddhis in India. New Castle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

EEOC (2020). Best Practices and Tips of Employees. Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/initiatives/e-race/best-practices-and-tips-employees

England, D. (2021). The Essential Guide to Handling Workplace Harassment and Discrimination. NOLO: Berkley.

Fibbi, R., Midtboen, A., & Simon, P. (2021). Migration and Discrimination. Cham: Springer.

Seiner, J. (2019). Employment Discrimination: Procedures, Principles, and Practice. Alphen aan deb Rijn: Wolter Kluwers.

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Title of the Paper in Full

Student Name

COURSE XXX: Title of Course

Date

ALL INFORMATION IN BLUE AND RED MUST BE REMOVED PRIOR TO ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION.

Abstract

This is the abstract, which is typed in block format with no indentation. The abstract briefly summarizes your paper in 250 words or less. Through your abstract, your readers should be able to fully understand the content and the implications of the paper. Describe the overall research problem being addressed. Be sure to include the findings. The person reading this section should have a general understanding of what this research project entailed.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study………………………………………….…1

Background Context and Statement of Problem…………………………2

Research Questions…………………………………………………………XX

Purpose of Research……………………………………………………….3

Significance of Research…………………………………………………..4

Limitations…………………………………………………………………XX

Summary……………………………………………………………………5

Chapter 2: Literature Review…………………………………………………….XX

Introduction………………………….…………………………………….XX

Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………XX

Literature Review of Similar Studies……………………………………..XX

Summary……………………………………………………………………XX

Chapter 3: Research Method……………………………………………………..XX

Introduction………………………………………………………………..XX

Research Questions………………………………………………………..XX

Participant Selection……………………………………………………….XX

Research Instrument……………………………………………………….XX

Date Collection Procedures…………………………………………………XX

Ethical Concerns…………………………………………………………….XX

Data Analysis Plan…………………………………………………………..XX

Summary

References………………………………………………………………………….XX

ALL INFORMATION IN BLUE AND RED MUST BE REMOVED PRIOR TO ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION.

Center the Title of Your Paper Here

Chapter 1: Introduction

Background Context and Statement of Problem

This section should summarize the issue, and offer actual evidence that it is indeed a problem. This should include a brief summation of only 2 or 3 studies that you located in your search – these studies will be explained in much greater detail in Chapter 2 along with all of the other studies you found. Provide evidence of consensus that the problem is current, relevant, and significant to the discipline.

Purpose of Research

What do you hope to achieve?

Research Questions

You should have 2 or 3 research questions – these are the overarching questions of the study. These are the questions that will be answered with your research instrument. This is NOT the research instrument.

Significance of Research

Identify potential contributions of the study that advance knowledge in the discipline. This is an elaboration of what the problem addresses. Identify potential contributions of the study that advance practice and/or policy.

Limitations

Describe limitations of the study related to design and / or methodological weaknesses (including issues related to limitations of transferability and dependability). Describe any biases that could influence study outcomes and how all potential limitations will be addressed.

Summary

Give a brief one paragraph synopsis of this chapter.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Introduction

Provide a concise synopsis of the current literature that establishes the relevance of the problem. This should only be a few paragraphs. Summarizing the main themes of past research is a good approach.

Theoretical Framework

Provide a literature and research based analysis of how the theory has been applied previously in ways similar to the current study. Explain how the selected theory relates