30 Jan As you prepare for the

Module 1 Case Study

Question 1

Ben is a 6-month old infant who has a history of respiratory infections. His parents are concerned that his symptoms are worsening and bring him to his pediatrician, Dr. Johnson. They explain that he has a persistent cough and sometimes coughs up phlegm. He also experiences periodic wheezing and shortness of breath. Dr. Johnson notes that his weight and height have not increased as much as predicted since his last visit. He is concerned that Ben may have a genetic condition called Cystic Fibrosis.

There are several ways to test for Cystic Fibrosis. In your own words, briefly describe 2 diagnostic tests that Dr. Johnson could use to determine if Ben has Cystic Fibrosis.

Question 2

Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited condition. Which of the following describes the inheritance pattern?

Question 3

List at least 3 other symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis that are not mentioned in the case study about Ben.

Question 4

Which of Ben’s parents carried the defective gene which causes Cystic Fibrosis?

Question 5

If both of Ben’s parents are Cystic Fibrosis carriers and plan to have another child, what are the chances that their next child would NOT be a carrier and would NOT be affected by Cystic Fibrosis?

Question 6

In your own words, briefly describe how the Cystic Fibrosis gene affects the cell membrane.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a common treatment for Cystic Fibrosis?

Question 8

In your own words, briefly describe why Ben’s skin may taste salty.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of Cystic Fibrosis?

Question 10

Which tissue type is most affected by the excess mucus produced in Cystic Fibrosis?

Question 11

Taylor, a 6-month-old infant, has recently been very fussy and appears to be in pain when his parents touch or squeeze his hands and feet. Both extremities have shown swelling that appears to be increasing slowly over time. He had a condition known as jaundice when he was born and his parents are noticing that his skin is starting to have that same yellowish color that it did when he was a newborn. Taylor’s parents are very concerned and take him to his pediatrician.

Taylor’s pediatrician decides to perform blood tests because he is concerned that Taylor may have sickle cell disease. If he is correct, which of the following tests would be abnormal?

Question 12

Taylor’s test results provide a definitive diagnosis of sickle cell disease. Which other symptom would be common for his disease?

Question 13

Why would the physician be interested in Taylor’s parents’ ethnicity? In your own words, provide a brief explanation of why ethnicity may be related to Taylor’s diagnosis.

Question 14

Taylor’s parents have never been tested for sickle cell disease because they have never had any of the common signs or symptoms. Knowing that Taylor has sickle cell disease, which of the following statements is true?

Question 15

If Taylor’s parents have another child, what is the likelihood that the second child will be a CARRIER of the sickle cell trait?

Module 2 Case Study

Question 1

Since childhood, Linda has always enjoyed the outdoors. She tries to spend as much time outside in the summer as she can because she lives in the Pacific Northwest, where summers are short. Now, Linda is 62 years old and is taking her grandchildren to the same lake house where she spent long days boating, swimming, and playing sports as a child.

Linda has noticed an itchy skin lesion on the superior portion of her right ear within the past two weeks. She is beginning to worry because it doesn’t seem to be healing. She packed a large-brimmed hat for her lake trip to keep her face and ears out of the sun. She wants to make sure she is helping protect her grandchildren from any potential skin damage, too.

If Linda’s lesion is a sign of cancer, which types of skin cancer do you think it could be? What other information would you need to know to make a more educated diagnosis?

Question 2

Which of the following is the most deadly type of skin cancer?

Question 3

Linda asks her son, who is a nurse, to look at the lesion. He notices that the lesion has an asymmetric border, is black and brown, and measures less than 3 mm. Which of these factors is NOT a warning sign of cancer?

Question 4

Linda’s son thinks a biopsy might be necessary and urges her to follow-up with a dermatologist. In your own words, briefly describe the process of a skin biopsy.

Question 5

Humans have a natural protection against UV light called melanin, produced by melanocytes. Which layer of skin contains melanocytes?

Question 6

In your own words, what is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?

Question 7

Linda had a grandfather who was diagnosed with melanoma. She is now wondering if she inherited a gene that has caused her to have melanoma, too. Could this be true? Why or why not?

Question 8

If Linda’s biopsy is positive for melanoma, which of the following would NOT be a treatment option?

Question 9

How has Linda’s exposure to sun throughout her life contributed to her possible melanoma? (Hint: think about what happens to the DNA of skin cells.)

Question 10

How can Linda help protect her grandchildren when they are spending time outdoors? Be specific, use your own words, and include at least 3 ideas.

Question 11

Craig works in a factory and is often exposed to extremely corrosive chemicals. He always follows the proper safety precautions when necessary. One day, his coworker tripped on a staircase and Craig rushed to see if he was okay. As he tried to help his coworker stand up, Craig’s hands and arms began to tingle and burn intensely.

He looked around and realized that the box his coworker was carrying had been filled with a corrosive material and had spilled on his bare hands and arms. Craig immediately ran to the sink and began running water over his skin, while his coworkers called 911. He was rushed to the hospital. While riding in the ambulance, he was in excruciating pain. He observed large blisters forming over his right arm, while his left hand seemed to hurt less than the right, but appeared to be more damaged.

Question 12

Craig’s left hand is more damaged and the EMTs believe it is a third degree burn. If they are correct, which layers are damaged?

Question 13

Craig’s left arm has sustained damaged on the anterior and posterior aspects from fingers to shoulder. His right arm and hand have sustained damage on the anterior surface only. How much of his body has been experienced burn damage?

Question 14

Did Craig do the right thing by rushing to the sink to rinse his skin with running water? Why or why not?

Question 15

Craig noticed that his left hand appeared to be the most damaged portion of his skin, but it didn’t hurt as intensely as the less damaged skin. In your own words, explain how this is possible.

Module 3 Case Study

Question 1

Alyssa is a 74-year-old female patient who presents to her primary care provider for a routine physical. She states that she feels “quite healthy” and has no complaints other than mild back pain. She has a family history of various cancers, diabetes, and osteoporosis, so she knows that it is important to stay active and keep up with screenings and annual physical exams. Alyssa’s provider finds that she has lost 10 pounds since last year’s exam. She is almost a full inch shorter, as well.

Alyssa’s provider suspects that she may have osteoporosis. Which other two factors would support that other diagnosis?

Question 2

Explain, in your own words, how Alyssa’s loss of height could be related to her possible osteoporosis diagnosis.

Question 3

Alyssa’s provider orders a DEXA scan. Which of the following T-score outcomes would indicate a diagnosis of osteoporosis?

Question 4

Why might Alyssa’s provider ask her about her diet? Provide two reasons and explain how they are related to osteoporosis.

Question 5

Explain how the body controls calcium levels in the bones and blood. Be sure to describe the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in detail.

Question 6

Alyssa has been prescribed several medications over the past two decades for various reasons. Which of the following may have had an impact on developing osteoporosis?

Question 7

Alyssa’s doctor recommends that she increase her calcium intake. List at least five foods that have high calcium content.

Question 8

Alyssa does some research on risk factors for osteoporosis and comes across the term “peak bone mass.” In your own words, explain what peak bone mass means and at which age it typically occurs.

Question 9

Which of the following choices has NOT been shown to cause a decrease in blood calcium levels?

Question 10

If Alyssa does have osteoporosis, can she reverse its effects on her bone density? Explain why or why not. What is the best course of action she can take to keep her bones as healthy as possible?

Question 11

Kaysee is a 14-year-old athlete who was injured during a basketball game. Another player fell on the lateral aspect of her right leg as her foot was pinned in place. She was taken by ambulance to the hospital after having her lower leg splinted on the court. She is in extreme pain and every bump in the road makes the pain worse. When the ambulance arrived at the hospital, the ER physician ordered x-rays.

Based on the limited information you are given, which of the following bones is most likely injured?

Question 12

The x-ray shows that both lower leg bones have been fractured. There is no break in the skin tissue. Which of the following terms describes the type of fracture that has occurred?

Question 13

Kaysee has always been a fairly healthy child. She has no history of any major illness. However, her physician is surprised that she has sustained two fractured bones from a relatively mild trauma. List and describe three possible underlying conditions that would increase Kaysee’s risk of fracture. (Keep her age in mind.)

Question 14

The time required for healing a fracture depends on all of the following except:

Question 15

During bone healing, osteoclasts are by far the most active bone cells.

Module 4 Case Study

Question 1

Jordan is now 19-years old. As an infant, Jordan reached many gross motor skill milestones, such as holding his head up, rolling over, sitting, and standing, at normal times. However, he was considered a “late walker” because he took his first steps at 17 months. By 2 years old, his parents noticed a hyperlordotic posture while he was standing. A Gower’s sign and Trendelenberg gait were noted by age four. Throughout his childhood, he suffered progressive muscle weakness, especially in the proximal musculature of the arms, pelvis, and legs. He required orthotic braces to assist his walking and was confined to wheelchair ambulation by age 13.

At 16, he was hospitalized with bronchitis requiring antibiotic treatment, but recovered. Jordan has a history of progressive muscle weakness, but no history of muscle pain or spasm, chest pain, or irregular heartbeat. The only medications that he normally takes are calcium and fluoride supplements. Jordan has three siblings. His older and younger sisters have never had any major medical issues. Jordan’s older brother is also to a wheelchair with problems similar to Jordan’s. No other immediate or distant family members have musculoskeletal issues.

Question 2

Jordan had a biopsy of the left gastrocnemius muscle when he was 5 years old. Based on your answer for his diagnosis, describe the microscopic pathological changes that the pathologist would have noted in her report.

Question 3

Explain, in your own words, why Jordan’s brother appears to have the same disease and why his sisters are unaffected.

Question 4

Jordan’s calves appear enlarged. Which of the following statements explains this phenomenon?

Question 5

Jordan displayed Gower’s sign at a young age. Which of the following statements explains why this this true?

Question 6

Weakness in his erector spinae muscles forces Jordan to assume which exaggerated position when standing?

Question 7

In your own words, please explain why Jordan must take calcium supplements for the rest of his life. (Hint: Think about your prior material and Wolff’s law.)

Question 8

Jordan is prone to respiratory infections, in part because of the weakness of which muscles?

Question 9

Genetic testing would reveal that Jordan has a y-linked disorder.

Question 10

In your own words, briefly describe the role of dystrophin within the motor unit.

Question 11

Colette has been experiencing some muscle pain and soreness after workouts this last week. She decides to research how muscles work because she wants to find ways to help alleviate her pain. She is hoping to find out the names of the muscles that are aching and find ways to stretch and strengthen them. Answer the following questions to help her find the answers she is looking for.

Colette has been sore “all over,” but her primary area of concern is the posterior right thigh. Which of the following muscles could be causing the soreness in this region?

Question 12

Colette has played softball for over 20 years and has been told in the past that she may have a rotator cuff injury. Which of the following rotator cuff muscles is on the anterior aspect of the scapula?

Question 13

Colette is trying to understand what causes her occasional calf muscle cramps. Which of the following statements is true regarding cramps?

Question 14

According to the sliding filament theory, myosin filaments slide past actin filaments during contraction of a muscle because the myosin heads bind to the sarcolemma.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true regarding muscle contraction?

Module 6 Case Study

Question 1

Donna, a 42-year-old mother of two, has been experiencing intermittent tingling and numbness in both of her feet. She has also had trouble holding a pen while writing. In the past few months, the tingling and numbness in her extremities seemed to subside on its own, so she was not very concerned. Recently, though, the symptoms have spread to her knees and thighs and are persisting.

Yesterday, she stumbled when getting out of bed in the morning. When she tried to stand, her right leg was too weak to hold her weight and she fell again. She noticed that she scraped her right knee during the fall, but does not feel any pain from the wound. Donna notices that she has blurry vision and thinks that might be the reason she fell.

All of the following indicate sensory deficits EXCEPT:

Question 2

Donna does not feel the wound on her knee. In a normal situation, describe how this sensory input of a scraped knee would result in the feeling of pain.

Question 3

Donna has weakness in her right leg, but her left leg is functioning normally. Which components of the nervous system are involved with skeletal muscle movement? Be specific about how the motor impulse moves through the body.

Question 4

Which of the following correctly defines a motor unit?

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true?

Question 6

List and describe any and all symptoms in Donna’s history that could be related to a pathology of her motor neurons.

Question 7

Donna’s primary care physician wants to screen her for Multiple Sclerosis. Which of the following tests would provide the most definitive diagnosis for MS?

Question 8

If Donna does have MS, the disease is affecting her myelin sheath. Briefly describe what happens to the myelin sheath and how it disrupts nerve function in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Question 9

Donna later sees a specialist who wants to perform a spinal tap, which is an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found?

Question 10

After extensive testing, Donna’s care team concluded that she does have Multiple Sclerosis and have prescribed steroid treatment. How will steroids help alleviate her symptoms?

Question 11

Andre is a 68-year-old grandfather who has been struggling with his memory lately. At first, he was simply forgetting an appointment from time to time or forgetting to take his morning vitamins. However, now his spouse and children have noticed that his forgetfulness is progressing. There have been moments where he forgot how to get home, couldn’t remember his own phone number, or the names of his grandchildren. His family is worried he may have Alzheimer’s disease and they are not sure what to do.

Andre’s family decides to do some research about dementia and

Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following statements is true?

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Alzheimer’s disease?

Question 13

Which of the following scenarios is considered a normal age-related change in memory?

Question 14

What are the risk factors in Andre’s history that would support a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease?

Question 15

What other Alzheimer’s disease risk factors might exist that are not given in Andre’s history? List and describe at least 5 risk factors.

Module 7 Case Study

Question 1

Scott, a 37-year-old elementary teacher, is seeing his general practitioner for complaints of general weakness, especially in his lower extremities. He has also been feeling very fatigued lately and has trouble keeping up with his students throughout his work day. His physician notes that he has lost a significant amount of weight in the last 6 months. Scott reports that even simple tasks, such as brushing his hair and getting dressed, can seem like a chore. He has trouble climbing stairs because of his weakness and notices that his speech is slurred, especially at the end of the day.

Scott’s physician uses a tongue depressor during his physical examination and Scott begins to gag and has difficulty swallowing. His physician notes muscle wasting and abnormal spasticity in upper and lower extremities bilaterally. All reflexes are normal except the Babinski reflex. Scott’s toes fan out when the sole of his feet are stroked with the reflex hammer.

Scott’s symptoms are primarily related to problems with:

Question 2

Because Scott’s symptoms are progressively getting worse over a period of several months, we can rule out which of the following diagnoses?

Question 3

Scott’s physician believes he may have ALS. Briefly describe this condition in your own words.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an early symptom of ALS?

Question 5

What are the major differences between ALS and MS, physiologically? Describe any pathological differences you find in your research.

Question 6

Scott has a positive Babinski reflex. What is the significance of this? What does a positive Babinski reflex mean in adult patients?

Question 7

ALS stands for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. What does “amyotrophic” mean? What is happening to the body (physiologically) if it is experience “amyotrophic” changes?

Question 8

ALS stands for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. What is the word “lateral” referring to in this case?

Question 9

The motor neurons affected by ALS are found in the spinal nerves and peripheral branches of those spinal nerves only.

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding ALS is true?

Question 11

Russell is 72 years old and is still working part-time as a professor. He has noticed some arm and hand shaking in the past year, but assumed it must be related to low or high blood sugar levels because he has had some issues with that in the past. However, the shaking/twitching has become more consistent lately and does not seem to be correlated with his diet. Russell’s doctor said that the stress of his job could be the problem, so he took the entire summer off from teaching.

When he returned to work in the fall, Russell and his students noticed that his handwriting has become nearly illegible. Drinking a cup of coffee without spilling had also become a challenge. Russell returned to his doctor, who performed a physical exam and a few tests. Here are the notable results: shuffling gait, mild bradykinesia, mild voice tremor, intermittent rigidity of the limbs, and normal EEG.

If Russell is having symptoms in his upper extremities, lower extremities, and his speech is slurred, which of the following body regions is most likely experiencing a pathology?

Question 12

Russell’s physician suspects that he may have Parkinson’s disease. List at least two other diagnoses that could fit Russell’s history and test results.

Question 13

Which of Russell’s physical exam findings could be related to a brain condition?

Question 14

Shuffling gait is often associated with Parkinson’s disease. Which of these symptoms is NOT another common sign of Parkinson’s disease?

Question 15

Russell’s physician decides to follow-up with an MRI. If he does have Parkinson’s disease, his MRI may show degeneration in which part of the brain?

Module 8 Case Study

Question 1

Joanne just celebrated her 50th birthday and knows that she should probably see her physician for a physical. She’s generally in good health, but has been experiencing some odd symptoms lately. Joanne has been experiencing mild to moderate headaches once or twice a week, usually in the morning hours. She feels that her mental acuity “isn’t what it used to be” and forgets the day of the week occasionally. Her husband often complains that she has the TV too loud, but Joanne thinks it’s a normal volume. She has noticed that her feet and toes are colder and she has to wear socks and slippers around the house to be comfortable.

A few nights a week, she wakes up in the middle of the night with tingling and numbness in her right hand. Joanne works at a desk all day and she notices a sharp, and sometimes throbbing, pain in her feet bilaterally after a long workday. She was thinking that her symptoms were just part of aging, but wonders if it could be abnormal. She has no history of major trauma, alcoholism, cancer, or inherited diseases.

Which of the following choices would best describe the symptoms in Joanne’s feet?

Question 2

Which of Joanne’s symptoms could be related to peripheral neuropathy?

Question 3

All of the following are possible causes for peripheral neuropathy EXCEPT:

Question 4

If Joanne’s neuropathy is related to diabetes, what are some complications she can expect (and try to avoid)? List and describe at least three complications.

Question 5

All of the following might be an explanation for Joanne’s right hand symptoms, except which?

Question 6

If Joanne’s hand symptoms area caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which nerve would be affected?

Question 7

If Joanne’s hand symptoms are caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which of her fingers would be affected by the numbness?

Question 8

How might Joanne’s lower extremity symptoms be related to her job? Briefly describe how ergonomics might be related to the pathophysiology she is experiencing.

Question 9

Dysfunction of the following structures would explain Joanne’s numbness?

Question 10

Dysfunction of which the following structures may be the cause of Joanne’s lower extremity symptoms?

Question 11

Georgia is 20 years old. She works at a stressful full-time job, co-parents a four-year-old and is attending evening courses to finish her bachelor degree. She has no history of significant trauma or health concerns, other than well-managed type I diabetes. She woke up one morning feeling a little off. When she looked in the mirror, she noticed that her right eye looked droopy and she was unable to smile fully. She panicked, called 911, and ran to her neighbor’s house to ask for a ride to the hospital. Georgia remembers learning in one of her first aid courses that face drooping was a sign of a stroke, so she was very worried.

It is unlikely that Georgia is experiencing a stroke. List and explain at least three reasons why a stroke is unlikely in this case.

Question 12

When she arrives at the hospital, the attending physician believe she may be experiencing Bell’s palsy. Which of the following Cranial Nerves is affected by Bell’s palsy?

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true regarding Cranial Nerve VII?

Question 14

Georgia’s physician decides she does, indeed, have Bell’s palsy. The physician tells Georgia that until the disorder is resolves, she may experience a lack of taste on which part of her tongue?

Question 15

Besides the Facial Nerve, which of the following also controls motor function of the facial muscles?

Module 9 Case Study

Question 1

Kari is a relatively healthy 42-year-old female with well-managed diabetes. She reports occasional alcohol intake, smokes cigarettes only when drinking, and exercises 3-4 times a week. She has a history of mild myopia, which she has corrected with glasses and contacts since she was 14 years old. Kari has been having trouble seeing at night. It has been gradually getting worse and she was tripped on a rug and bumped into a few walls within the last week. She has also noticed that small text seems blurrier than usual. Kari always makes sure to schedule annual visits to her eye doctor. Luckily, it’s almost time for this year’s check-up because she thinks she might need a new prescription for her glasses and contacts.

Kari’s mild myopia means:

Question 2

Of the limited history you are given, which item could NOT be related to the vision issues she is experiencing?

Question 3

Myopia becomes more prevalent as one ages.

Question 4

Kari has two grandparents who had glaucoma in their lifetime. Do any of Kari’s symptoms support a diagnosis of glaucoma? If so, which one(s)?

Question 5

Kari’s ophthalmologist measures her intraocular pressure and finds that it is normal. With this information, which of the following diagnoses can be ruled out?

Question 6

During her annual visit, her doctor asks Kari for more specific information regarding her current symptoms. Which of the following symptoms would NOT be suggestive of cataracts?

Question 7

A cataract consists of clouding in which structure?

Question 8

Over the next several months, Kari’s eyes begin to look like this:

C:\Users\chloe.murphy\Desktop\BSCMod9Eye.png

Considering her history and symptoms, which of the following conditions is most likely?

Question 9

If Kari is diagnosed with glaucoma, what is the most likely treatment? Describe the treatment briefly, in your own words.

Question 10

If Kari is diagnosed with cataracts, what is the most likely treatment? Describe the treatment briefly, in your own words.

Question 11

Maddie is a 6-year-old female with no prior history of major medical issues. She complained of right ear pain after an awkward head-first fall from a diving board yesterday. She landed in the pool and did not seem to have any apparent physical injuries, so her parents assumed she had headache from the impact and gave her acetaminophen. However, the pain persisted for a full day, so her parents have taken her to her pediatrician. Her parents have noticed that she is less responsive when speaking to her from her right side and are worried that she has suffered hearing loss from the fall.

Maddie’s physician explains that there are different types of hearing loss. Damage to which of the following structures would cause conductive hearing loss?

Question 12

Maddie’s physician explains that there are different types of hearing loss. Damage to which of the following structures would cause sensorineural hearing loss?

Question 13

When Maddie’s physician examines her ear, he explains to her parents that she has a perforated eardrum. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Question 14

Maddie’s doctor performs tuning fork tests to help determine the source of her hearing loss. Which of the following tests compares bone conduction to air conduction?

Question 15

If Maddie’s hearing loss persists after her perforation is healed, which of the following scenarios is likely?

Module 10 Case Study

Question 1

Edna is a 42-year-old mother of two girls. She has been feeling very sluggish lately and finds it hard to get out of bed in the morning, even after a full night’s sleep. She is fatigued throughout the day and has to compensate with a lot of caffeine. She’s gained about 5 pounds this month, but attributes that to all the workouts she’s been skipping lately. Her partner keeps noticing and mentioning how cold Edna’s hands are, even though it is the middle of summer. Edna sees her doctor to find out what is wrong. Her physician takes her vital signs before doing further testing. Here are her results: BP 124/74, Pulse 52, Temperature 98.2 F, Height 5’8”, and Weight 178 pounds.

Edna’s doctor is worried about her endocrine function. Which of the following glands is most likely causing her symptoms?

Question 2

Edna’s symptoms are similar to those present in Grave’s disease.

Question 3

During Edna’s physical exam, her physician notes an enlargement of her thyroid gland. What is this called and why is it important in her case?

Question 4

Edna’s physician suspects that she may have hypothyroidism. Which of the following tests would be the first step to help confirm that diagnosis?

Question 5

Edna’s test results showed that her T4 level was below normal. Why might her TSH level be elevated?

Question 6

If Edna’s condition goes untreated, she may experience more severe symptoms. List 3 symptoms (other than those given in her history) that often accompany untreated hypothyroidism.

Question 7

Which of the following is the most likely and effective form of treatment for Edna’s condition?

Question 8

Why would Edna’s doctor inquire about her iodine intake? (Explain why iodine is pertinent in this case and how it affects the thyroid.)

Question 9

If Eda is prescribed a synthetic thyroid medication, which of the following would be a sign that her dosage is too high?

Question 10

If Edna’s symptoms are related to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, should her daughters be concerned about their own thyroid health? Why or why not?

Question 11

Elaine just turned 50 years old and had all of the recommended screening tests at her annual physical. She was surprised to learn that she had an abnormal blood glucose result. She has had blood sugar tests in the past and her results were always within normal limits. Her doctor asked her to follow-up with further testing.

Elaine’s doctor wants to know more about her family history of endocrine disorders. Why would her physician ask her about this?

Question 12

Which of the following fasting blood glucose results would be considered normal?

Question 13

Given Elaine’s history of normal blood glucose tests, it is most likely that she had Diabetes Mellitus Type I.

Question 14

Elaine’s nurse explains that her follow-up appointment will include a fasting blood glucose test. Why is it important to fast before her blood draw? How does this help diagnose diabetes?

Question 15

After her abnormal test results, Elaine’s physician asks more questions about her history. Which of the following would NOT be related to a diagnosis of diabetes?

Module 1 Quiz

Question 1

A solution with a pH of 7 would be considered _____.

Question 2

Which tissue has the property of contractility?

Question 3

A negative feedback loop will negate or reverse a stimulus within the body.

Question 4

A solution with a pH of 12 would be considered _____.

Question 5

Cellular respiration cannot occur without oxygen.

Question 6

A positive feedback loop will negate or reverse a stimulus within the body.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical bond?

Question 8

Which type of tissue lacks blood vessels, has little to no matrix, and has cells that are tightly packed together?

Question 9

Which organic compound has the primary function of energy storage?

Question 10

The plasma membrane is composed mostly of _____.

Module 02 Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following is the most common type of skin cancer?

Question 2

Blood vessels in the epidermis will dilate increasing blood flow through the skin allow heat to dissipate from the body.

Question 3

Which gland is responsible for secreting sweat and is the most numerous type of gland in the integument?

Question 4

Melanoma is the most treatable and curable of the types of skin cancer.

Question 5

The dermis is composed of which of the following two layers?

Question 6

Which type of gland is responsible for secreting an oily substance that helps to lubricate and soften the skin and hair?

Question 7

Which layer of skin is the outer most layer and contains dead cells that are filled with keratin?

Question 8

What is NOT a complication of burns?

Question 9

Which choice is NOT a description of a function of the integument system?

Question 10

Vascularization of the integumentary system is found primarily in which layer?

Module 03 Quiz

Question 1

The organic portion of the extracellular matrix space provides all of the following functions EXCEPT for:

Question 2

Bone remodeling is a function of what cells?

Question 3

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

Question 4

Formation of the fibrocartilaginous callus in the fracture repair of bone is followed up by which process?

Question 5

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

Question 6

Every short bone has an epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, and medullary cavity.

Question 7

The parietal and frontal bones are classified as:

Question 8

The majority of bones in the body are formed by endochondral ossification, where a cartilage model of bone is eventually converted to bone.

Question 9

What is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a substance found within bone tissue?

Module 04 Quiz

Question 1

A motor unit is all the nerves that innervate all of the muscle fibers of one muscle.

Question 2

The motor end plate is the:

Question 3

ATP is needed to release thick and thin filaments so they can reform another cross-bridge.

Question 4

Which statement is true regarding muscle contraction?

Question 5

What statement is true of smooth muscle?

Question 6

Which factor is required to allow for muscle contraction?

Question 7

Which of the following is true of skeletal muscle tissue?

Question 8

Fast oxidative muscle fibers do not fatigue quickly due to its rich supply of myoglobin.

Question 9

Within the sarcomere, an A-band contains:

Question 10

Which structure separates one fascicle from another in a muscle?

Module 05 Quiz (Midterm Exam)

Question 1

A bursa can reduce the friction of a tendon rubbing over a bone.

Question 2

The process of detaching the thick filament from the thin filament during muscle relaxation requires ATP.

Question 3

Skin cancer originates in the dermis of the skin.

Question 4

Which of the following protein molecules provides the binding site for the myosin heads?

Question 5

Parathyroid hormone will cause an increase activity in which of the following cells?

Question 6

Which bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?

Question 7

Which of the following choices contains ridges that are ultimately responsible for fingerprints?

Question 8

A motor unit is composed of all the muscle fibers that one motor neuron innervates.

Question 9

Which statement is true of articulations (joints)?

Question 10

A strain occurs when there is damage to:

Question 11

Which statement is true regarding osteoporosis?

Question 12

A ligament connects a muscle to a bone, while a tendon stabilizes a joint by connecting or joining one bone to another.

Question 13

Increasing intensity of contractions during labor is an example of negative feedback.

Question 14

Which statement is true of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

Question 15

Hematopoiesis is a primary function of the muscular system.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of a synovial joint?

Question 17

Which of the following muscles is considered a rotator cuff muscle?

Question 18

Which statement is true regarding articulations?

Question 19

Osmosis is the movement of random molecules from a low to high concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 20

Which cellular organelle is responsible for the production of ATP?

Question 21

Which statement is true regarding the skeletal system?

Question 22

Which of the following composes the majority of the epidermis?

Question 23

Autosomal recessive traits and disorders are typically expressed in each generation.

Question 24

Which statement is true of muscular tissue and/or muscle contraction?

Question 25

Acetylcholine molecules must bind to troponin in order for the muscle contraction process to occur.

Question 26

The majority of joints within the body are classified as:

Question 27

Which choice is true regarding myoglobin?

Question 28

Enzymes are used to speed up chemical reactions within the body.

Question 29

Which statement best describes epimysium?

Question 30

Which statement is true regarding synovial joints?

Module 06 Quiz

Question 1

The generation or creation of an action potential depends on the strength of the stimulus a neuron receives.

Question 2

Action potential is unique to neurons and muscle cells. Other body cells do not use this process.

Question 3

Which portion of the neuron processes information?

Question 4

As long as neurotransmitters are bound to a receptor, ion channels remain open.

Question 5

During an action potential, positive ions move into the cell as the depolarization spreads down the axon.

Question 6

Which statement is true regarding the action potential process?

Question 7

Which statement is true regarding neurons?

Question 8

During relative refractory period, a neuron cannot create another action potential to a stimulus no matter how strong or intense that stimulus is.

Question 9

Which choice is true regarding neuroglia cells?

Question 10

Which statement is true regarding the neuron synapse?

Module 07 Quiz

Question 1

Most neural pathways entering the spinal cord from left spinal nerves at some point desiccate (cross over) and are perceived by the right side of the cerebrum.

Question 2

Which statement is true regarding the spinal cord?

Question 3

Which of these choices is the deepest layer of the meninges?

Question 4

The cerebellum is responsible for sense of balance, proprioception, coordination, and precision movement.

Question 5

An epidural will puncture through the meninges to inject medication or extract cerebral spinal fluid.

Question 6

The ventral horn sends efferent information from the CNS to the body via the ventral root.

Question 7

The thalamus helps regulate sensations, learning, memory, and motor activities.

Question 8

Which part or region of the brain controls and is associated the ability for speech production?

Question 9

Which choice best describes the effect of destruction of the ventral (anterior) horns neurons in the spinal cord?

Question 10

What part of the brain controls and is associated with body posture, balance and equilibrium along with coordination of motor activity?

Module 08 Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following cranial nerves has both motor AND sensory functions?

Question 2

Which type of sensory receptor will detect the sensation of pain?

Question 3

Which of the following components is the first step in the reflex arc?

Question 4

A lower motor neuron only innervates skeletal muscles.

Question 5

Which major nerve is the largest and thickest nerve in the body and innervates a majority of the entire lower limb?

Question 6

What statement is true regarding the sympathetic nervous system?

Question 7

Which statement is true regarding a nerve?

Question 8

A ganglia is a collection of nerve cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system.

Question 9

Which two major nerves are responsible for sensory (touch) information of the hand?

Question 10

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic response in a wide variety of internal organs including the heart, lungs, intestines and liver?

Module 09 Quiz

Question 1

The sense of taste involves cranial nerves VII, IX, and X.

Question 2

When the sound waves are blocked from reaching the inner ear, resulting in impaired hearing, this is referred to as:

Question 3

Which special sense does not depend on an organ with sensory hairs to assist in their function?

Question 4

The vestibular nerve carries information to the brain that is interpreted as sound.

Question 5

What structure does not have an effect on the refraction of light within the eye?

Question 6

The malleus, incus, and stapes can be found in which part of the ear?

Question 7

Movement of the cupula within the semicircular canals initiates the detection of acceleration or de-acceleration by moving the sensory hair cells.

Question 8

Cranial nerve (CN) I carries nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb to the brain, where the impulses are perceived as smell.

Question 9

Which of the following structures senses vertical movements, like jumping on a trampoline?

Question 10

Olfactory tract damage would affect which of your special senses?

Module 10 Quiz

Question 1

Which endocrine hormone is associated with directly decreasing blood sugar levels?

Question 2

Which endocrine hormone is associated with decreasing the blood calcium levels?

Question 3

Which endocrine hormone is associated with prescription medications that are used to suppress the immune system and have anti-inflammation properties?

Question 4

Which statement is true regarding blood calcium levels and the endocrine system?

Question 5

Which of the following structures synthesizes catecholamines that are released during activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

Question 6

In increase in Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4) secretion results in an increase in body heat production and an increase in basal metabolic rate.

Question 7

The posterior pituitary gland stores which of the following hormones?

Question 8

Which statement is true regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Question 9

Which statement is true regarding the endocrine system?

Question 10

Which of the following hormones targets the adrenal cortex?

Module 11 Quiz Final Exam

Question 1

Both the epidermis and dermis contain blood vessels.

Question 2

Which of the following choices best describes the joint between the fontal bone and parietal bones?

Question 3

Which of the following is not an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Question 4

What statement is true regarding the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Question 5

Which endocrine hormone, in higher quantities, can suppress the function of the immune system and decrease inflammation of the body?

Question 6

Which statement is true regarding skeletal muscle tissue?

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true regarding the special senses?

Question 8

Which eye condition best describes the vision impairment that occurs when individuals age and the lens becomes less flexibility and the refracted light falls behind the retina?

Question 9

Which statement is true of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?

Question 10

The parasympathetic nervous system is a branch of the somatic efferent peripheral nervous system while the sympathetic is a branch of the viscera efferent peripheral nervous system.

Question 11

The autonomic nervous system will innervate both internal organs and skeletal muscles.

Question 12

Which of the following is found in the epidermis layer of skin?

Question 13

Which statement is true regarding the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Question 14

A dermatome is associated with a specific cranial nerve that innervates the body’s skin.

Question 15

Which statement is true regarding the special senses?

Question 16

This type of gland secretes an oily secretion that helps lubricate and keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle?

Question 17

Which statement is true regarding the skeletal system?

Question 18

An increase in the level of thyroid hormone causing a decrease in TRH and TSH is an example of negative feedback.

Question 19

Red bone marrow is only found in spongy bone and is involved in hematopoiesis.

Question 20

All of the following are symptoms of hypothyroidism, EXCEPT:

Question 21

A ligament connects a muscle to a bone, while a tendon stabilizes a joint by connecting or joining one bone to another.

Question 22

Calcitonin will cause an increase activity in which of the following cells?

Question 23

Which statement is true regarding myelin sheaths?

Question 24

Which endocrine hormone is stored in the posterior pituitary and increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the kidneys increasing blood pressure and blood volume?

Question 25

Which statement is true regarding articulations?

Question 26

Which of the following muscles is considered a rotator cuff muscle?

Question 27

Peripheral neuropathy can cause damage to axons of peripheral nerves leading to dysfunction of the conduction of an action potential.

Question 28

A neurotransmitter bound to a postsynaptic neuron membrane can initiate an action potential.

Question 29

Which statement is true regarding the endocrine system?

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of the ciliary body of the eye?

Question 31

Blockage of the auditory (Eustachian) tube can result in conductive hearing loss.

Question 32

What statement is true regarding reflexes?

Question 33

Which statement is true regarding action potentials?

Question 34

A motor unit is composed of one entire muscle and all the nerves that innervate it..

Question 35

Which sense organ allows for detection of the position of the head in the gravitational field?

Module 1 Discussion

Strategy to Succeed and Homeostasis

Anatomy and Physiology can be a daunting (but also exciting!) course. We will cover every body system in this course and Anatomy and Physiology II. It’s a good idea to take a moment this week to self-reflect and get yourself organized for the upcoming term.

Throughout this course, we will often return to a common principle which regulates the human body: homeostasis. For your discussion post, provide one example of homeostasis within the body. Provide a brief 3-4 sentence explanation of the example you choose.

Additionally, identify and discuss 1-2 obstacles you may face with this course while learning anatomy and physiology. Examples may include being new to online learning, time management issues, personal or family commitments, test anxiety, etc.

In your reply post, provide suggestions for the obstacles your peers have identified. Share what has worked for you in past courses or suggest a resource or study skill that might help your classmates be successful in overcoming their challenges. Don’t forget to include resources that are available through Rasmussen College’s Library Learning services, online, and/or through a mobile device.

Module 2 Discussion

Sunscreen Effectiveness – Natural vs. Chemical

The American Academy of Dermatology (2018) states that skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. One in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. Protecting our skin from harmful ultraviolet rays is imperative. However, the human body does benefit from a mild to moderate amount of UV radiation.

What is the best way to protect your skin from sun-related damage? What are the advantages and disadvantages to sunscreens containing common active ingredients such as oxybenzone, octocrylene, and homosalate? Are there benefits to using mineral sunscreens, such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide? How effective are natural sunscreens, such as coconut oil or shea butter? If a sunscreen product is not regulated by the FDA, how can you determine if the product’s claims are true?

Reference

American Academy of Dermatology. (2018). Skin Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.aad.org/media/stats/conditions/skin-cancer

Module 3 Discussion

Milk Dairy Consumption – Good or Bad for Osteoporosis

Department of Health and Human Services (2018), estimates that ten million Americans have been diagnosed with osteoporosis, which can lead to complicating fractures. Calcium and Vitamin D are vital components for osteoporosis prevention. Dairy products, especially milk, are common in the American diet and even have a familiar marketing campaign (“Got Milk?”) to help educate the public on the benefits of milk.

Most Americans have the perception that drinking milk will give us strong bones, but is this true? Are dairy products, specifically milk, an effective dietary source to help prevent osteoporosis or could they cause more harm than good? Should we, as a society, be drinking more or less milk? Are there better dietary choices for calcium or should we all be taking calcium supplements? Please elaborate on your reasoning with your research.

Support your opinion with valid research and cite your sources appropriately.

Reference

Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Osteoporosis. Retrieved from https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/osteoporosis/osteoporosis-hoh

Module 4 Discussion

Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pain: Opioids or Medical Marijuana?

The treatment of chronic pain conditions, especially muscle pain within the medical field, presents multiple problems and complications. Studies have placed the prevalence of chronic pain in the United States from 30-33% of the population. Currently, a common medical practice is the prescription of opioid analgesics (painkillers) such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine to provide pain relief. However, the abuse and addiction to opioid prescriptions has been on the rise.

Conduct some research on the pros and cons of using opioid medications to treat chronic pain. As of early 2018, 23 states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation to legalize medicinal marijuana as a treatment therapy for various issues, including chronic pain conditions. Research the pros and cons of medicinal marijuana to treat chronic pain.

From your research, what do you perceive to be the better option in treating chronic pain — prescription opioid medications or medicinal marijuana? Make sure you elaborate on your reasoning with your research, opinion(s) and any other comments you have on this topic. Provide appropriate citations for your resources.

Reference

The American Academy of Pain Medicine. (2018). AAPM Facts and Figures on Pain. Retrieved from http://www.painmed.org/PatientCenter/Facts_on_Pain.aspx#incidence

Module 5 Discussion

Arthritis: Prevention and Treatment Options

Arthritis is increasingly prevalent among the United States population. Although there are several types of arthritis, the most common (by far) is osteoarthritis. According to the CDC, more than 30 million Americans are diagnosed with osteoarthritis (2018). It’s likely that you or someone you know is struggling with the pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis right now.

In your discussion post this module, provide at least one prevention technique and one treatment option for osteoarthritis. Describe each item in detail, providing information about how the therapies you chose affect the physiology of the arthritic joints.

In your reply post, provide research about the effectiveness of the preventative therapies and treatment options your classmate(s) posted. You are encouraged to share personal experience (if you have any), but remember that you should always back up your personal thoughts with a reliable, scientific reference.

Reference

Centers for Disease Control. (2018). Osteoarthritis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/osteoarthritis.htm

Module 6 Discussion

Physiology and Treatment of Depression Anxiety

According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, over 20% of Americans are diagnosed with anxiety and/or depression (2018). As we learn about the nervous system this module, we can use these two common disorders to help gain an understanding of basic nerve function.

For your discussion post, choose either depression or anxiety and answer the following questions. Remember to use your own words when explaining these concepts.

How does depression/anxiety affect neurotransmitters?

How does depression/anxiety affect synapses?

How does depression/anxiety affect neuron function?

In your reply posts, share how various treatments may improve the physiology of the disorders discussed. Since these are common disorders, you may choose to share personal experiences. If so, keep the information you share confidential and do not share names or identifying information of others.

Reference

Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2018). Facts & Statistics. Retrieved from https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics#

Module 7 Discussion

Brain Games

Brain games continue to increase in popularity, especially mobile applications. You may have seen the advertisements for these apps, or perhaps you may have even tried them yourself. There are dozens of different companies claiming that their mobile applications can improve your brain’s function.

Do these brain games work? Can games on your mobile device actually improve mental acuity or prevent memory loss? What does the research say about these types of games and activities?

Are there better techniques, methods, or even dietary supplements that could assist with improving brain function and memory? Are brain function and memory determined by genetics or can they be influenced by our environment and experiences?

Module 8 Discussion

The Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System can be challenging to understand because it is connected to virtually every body function in opposite ways. We are going to explore the physiology of the ANS in this discussion by looking at specific examples of how it works.

For your first discussion post, describe how the parasympathetic nervous system influences one function in your body. For example, the parasympathetic nervous system causes decreased blood pressure. If you chose this body function, you would describe the physiology behind the decreased blood pressure. How does it happen? What occurs in the heart/blood vessels? Which scenarios or external factors would cause the parasympathetic nervous system to activate this response?

For your reply post, discuss the sympathetic nervous system’s influence on the function your peer chose. For example, if your classmate discussed the parasympathetic influences the diameter of your pupil, you need to describe how the sympathetic nervous system affects the diameter of your pupil.

Your post and reply should each be at least one paragraph long (about 4-5 sentences minimum). Try to use a body function that is unique from other examples already posted by other students. There are hundreds of options!

Module 9 Discussion

Lasik Surgery

LASIK procedures have become more accessible and much more common in recent years. Many patients are attracted to the idea of LASIK, as it can eliminate the need for glasses or contact lenses. Research LASIK and the associated risks and benefits.

For your original post, choose one of the vision problems that can be corrected by LASIK. Discuss how this problem affects the physiology vision and how LASIK can be used to correct this problem.

In your reply post, discuss whether or not you would choose to have LASIK surgery for the vision problem that your classmate explained. In your opinion, do the benefits outweigh the risks? If you or someone close to you has experience with LASIK, you may choose to discuss that here. What made you/them decide to go through with the procedure? Or, what stopped you/them from pursuing LASIK as a treatment option?

Module 10 Discussion

Hormone Replacement Therapy: Is It Effective and Safe?

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is most commonly known for treating the discomfort associated with menopause. However, more broadly, HRT is any form of hormone therapy that involves a patient receiving hormones to supplement or replace naturally occurring hormones in the body. For this discussion post, research different forms of HRT and choose one type to focus on.

In your original post, describe a patient who may benefit from HRT. Explain the risks and benefits to using HRT in the scenario you chose. Be sure to include information on safety.

For your reply post, find a classmate who discussed a different type of HRT than you. In your response, put yourself in the scenario discussed. If you were the patient in that scenario, would you choose to go through with HRT or would you look for alternative treatments? Do the benefits of HRT outweigh the risks, in your opinion?

Module 11 Discussion

Self-Assessment and Reflection

As you prepare for the final exam, create TWO multiple-choice questions for your classmates that focus on material that was covered in this course. Make sure that you provide the answer, preferably as a response to your own post, so your peers can be challenged without directly seeing the answer right after the question.

As a follow up, reflect on any goals that you set for yourself at the beginning of this course. What experiences have you gained from this course that you will take forward into Human Anatomy and Physiology II?