30 Jan (TCOs 7 and 9) Consider someone

PSYC290 Lifespan Development

Week 8 Final Exam

Question 1

(TCO 1) Which of the following is the best example of an off-time event that could have negative effects upon an individual’s development?

The deaths of elderly parents

Being divorced at the age of 25

The death of one’s spouse at the age of 30

Experiencing a life-threatening illness at the age of 60

Question 2

(TCO 1) Of the following, which is the best example of naturalistic observation?

The school psychologist has administered aptitude tests to the sophomore class of Martin Luther King, Jr. High School.

A researcher interested in the effects of caffeine upon learning provides high-caffeine drinks to an experimental group who are being taught a complicated game and provides caffeine-free drinks to a control group who are being taught the same game.

A serial killer is subjected to a battery of psychological exams and intensive interviews in an effort to determine the factors that influenced his developmental pathway to homicidal behavior.

Researchers interested in children’s gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms.

Question 3

(TCO 1) You are a taking part in a survey that asks about your attitudes toward physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to any sort of physical punishment. Which of the following terms best describes why the way that you did?

Social desirability

Experimenter bias

Randomness

Sample representation

Question 4

(TCO 1) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada’s personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money?

Superego

Ego

Unconscious

Id

Question 5

(TCO 2) Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant’s first psychosocial task?

Learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful

Becoming aware of pleasurable genital sensations and sharing these sensations with others

Becoming purposeful, goal oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents

Being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust

Question 6

(TCO 2) If you are teaching a child to produce a reflexive response following a nonreflexive stimulus, which method of learning are you employing?

Observational learning

Classical conditioning

Response-reward learning

Operant conditioning

Question 7

(TCO 2) A boy is pestering his mother for candy in the grocery store, whining for 10 minutes and saying things like, “I want candy! Please? Just this once! Oh, come on, Mom, please?” His mother ignores him for 10 minutes, but finally gives in and says, “Oh, all right. Here it is. Just stop whining!” If the boy engages in more whining in the future, and the mother gives in even more easily, which of the following would apply to the mother?

Negative punishment

Positive punishment

Negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

Question 8

(TCO 2) Babies frequently engage in repetitive actions using their hands and their eyes. Which of the following statements best explains this behavior?

The theory that says that children are born with a mind that is a blank slate waiting to be written upon

The theory that says that infants’ brains are underdeveloped at birth and there is no purpose or meaning to their actions

The theory that infants rely on their basic biological senses to explore and learn about the world

Piaget’s theory of accommodation

Question 9

(TCO 2) Which of the following statements is true regarding prenatal sex differentiation?

Sex differentiation begins at around 4–8 weeks of gestation.

If androgens are present, female genitalia develop regardless of the chromosomal makeup of the fetus.

In the absence of the SRX gene, an XY fetus will develop female genitalia.

The absence of a Y chromosome will ensure the development of male genitalia.

Question 10

(TCOs 2 and 3) Meko has dark hair and dark eyes, even though his biological mother is fair skinned. Meko’s hair and eye color are part of his

genotype.

embryonic cell map.

polygenic factoring.

phenotype.

Question 11

(TCOs 2 and 3) Which of the following terms describes physical traits that are influenced by both genes and the environment?

Polygenetic

Dominant-Recessive

Epifactorial

Multifactorial

Question 12

(TCOs 2 and 3) Phenylketonuria is an example of which of the following?

A sex-linked recessive disorder

A disorder of immune function

An autosomal disorder

A gamete disorder

Question 13

(TCOs 2 and 3) Which of the following is associated with the second trimester of pregnancy?

Formation of a mucus plug to seal the entrance to the uterus

The zygote implants on the uterine wall

Movements of the fetus

Nausea

Question 14

(TCO 2) Which of the following terms explains why the human brain develops before the reproductive system?

Spinal cord dysplasia

Prenatal gender differentiation

Cephalocaudal growth pattern

Differentiation of the lobes of the brain

Question 15

(TCOs 2, 3, and 4) Johann lives in a family with five siblings. There is always a lot of activity and interaction between the children and parents. There are many brightly colored toys and things to play with. Suzanne’s family can’t afford many toys at all, and she has only old hand-me-downs to play with, most of which are broken. Which of the following best describes a likely difference in brain development between Johann and Suzanne?

The “use it or lose it” idea, which says that because Johann is in a more stimulating environment than Suzanne, his brain will have a denser network of neurons and synapses.

Johann’s neurons will myelinate more quickly and completely than Suzanne’s.

Because Johann and Suzanne are both under 2 years of age, the differences in environment will have little impact.

The principle of synaptic pruning says that because Johann is in a more stimulating environment than Suzanne, his brain will have a smaller number of synapses.

Question 16

(TCOs 2, 3, and 4) Your friend Olga is a new first-time mother. Her 6-week-old infant has shown a recent increase in crying. She doesn’t know whether this is because she is picking the child up every time that it cries. She is asking you for advice. What would you say to her?

She should take her child to the doctor to see if she has colic.

It is normal for crying to increase over the first 6 weeks of life, and picking her child up will not reinforce the crying.

Increased crying in the first 6 weeks of life is normal, but Olga should not pick up the infant every time it cries.

Olga should not worry; the crying usually decreases by the second week of life.

Question 17

(TCOs 2, 3, and 4) Moesha and Nick have a newborn. If their baby is an average infant, by his first birthday he will have had which of the following?

Measles

Several instances of sleep apnea

No illnesses whatsoever

Seven respiratory illnesses

Question 18

(TCOs 4, 5, and 6) Gregory is a 6-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in which stage of cognitive development?

Preambulatory

Preoperations

Concrete operations

Sensorimotor

Question 19

(TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Kayla was given several different brightly colored balls to play with, one after the other. After about ball number seven, Kayla seemed to lose interest. When she was given a stuffed animal, she showed renewed interest. This renewed interest is due, in part, to which of the following?

Categorizing

Schematograms

Reinforcement

Superordinates

Question 20

(TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Freddie is 2 months old. He smiles and coos at almost everyone he meets. Bowlby would say that Freddie is in which phase of attachment?

Nonfocused orienting and signaling

Focus on one or more figures

Secure base behavior

Internal model

Question 21

(TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Callie, age 11 months, went to the circus with her mother. When a clown came bouncing up to Callie’s stroller, Callie was anxious and looked at her mother. When Callie’s mother began to laugh at the clown, Callie joined in the laughter. Callie’s behavior is called

affective regulation.

social referencing.

stranger anxiety.

bonding dependence.

Question 22

(TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Taniya and Daniel are the parents of a well-behaved, predictable, and easygoing daughter. Their neighbors Doug and Diane have a daughter who they consider to be a tomboy because she likes to play ball and rough-and-tumble activities in the yard. This is an example of which of the following?

Temperamental stereotyping

Gender differences

Temperamental gender typing

Gender dysfunction

Question 23

(TCOs 4, 5, and 6) Which of the following brain structures regulate attention and concentration?

Reticular formation

Hippocampus

Cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus

Question 24

(TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Darius holds his hairbrush to his mouth and sings as if the hairbrush is a microphone. This is an example of what type of play?

Associative

First pretend

Substitute pretend

Abstract

Question 25

(TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as “people who are nice” and “people who are mean” are demonstrating which of the following?

Reciprocity of relationships

Person perception

Egocentrism

Perception-bound thought

Question 26

(TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Georgia feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Georgia is exhibiting which of the following?

Empathy for another’s life condition

Global empathy

Personal empathy

Empathy for another’s feelings

Question 27

(TCOs 3, 4, and 5) Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion’s grasp of what principle?

Gender identity

Gender role

Gender schema

Gender constancy

Question 28

(TCO 6) You are a nurse who is asked to place an IV in a patient’s nondominant arm. What ability allows you to tell where the IV should be placed?

Association perception

Spatial perception

Selective attention

Relative right-left coordination

Question 29

(TCOs 6 and 7) Which of the following is an example of a derived word?

Legal

Meaningless

Ambiguous

Vacation

Question 30

(TCOs 6 and 7) Which of the following is considered to be the basis of children’s cognitive development, according to most theorists?

The age at which executive processes are developed

The emotional maturity that enables children to better discern the subtle aspects of their world

Increases in processing efficiency with age

The ability to develop and employ rules and strategies for problem solving

Question 31

(TCOs 6 and 8) During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This new component includes things such as personality traits. What is the term for this new component?

Personhood

Individualistic self

Psychological self

Personal self

Question 32

(TCOs 6 and 8) According to Piaget’s ideas about children’s moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the which stage?

Moral relativism

Moral realism

Ego ideal

Preconventional

Question 33

(TCOs 6 and 8) Of the following, which is an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys?

“I can help.”

“Why are you so mean?”

“Can you fix this?”

“Try to stop me.”

Question 34

(TCOs 7 and 9) Which of the following groups is more likely to have a negative body image, get into trouble at school and with peers, and engage in delinquent behavior?

Late-maturing boys

Early maturing boys

Late-maturing girls

Early maturing girls

Question 35

(TCOs 7 and 9) According to your textbook, among teenagers, sensation seeking appears to be least associated with which of the following?

Automobile accidents and injuries

Tobacco use

Drug use

Alcohol use

Question 36

(TCOs 7 and 9) Fourteen-year-old Muhammed won a contest sponsored by the local newspaper to celebrate a championship basketball game. The object of the contest was to determine how many words could be made from the word score. Which newly developed ability of formal operational thought would have been most helpful to Muhammed?

The ability to reason about objects or situations not previously seen or experienced

The ability to search systematically and methodologically for the solutions to a problem

The ability to use ethical principles for decision making

The ability to start with a theory and a prediction and arrive at a conclusion

Question 37

(TCOs 7 and 9) Which of the following represents Erikson’s central crisis of adolescence?

Latency versus psychosexual development

Industry versus inferiority

Intimacy versus isolation

Identity versus role confusion

Question 38

(TCOs 7 and 9) What is the term used by developmentalists to describe the psychological aspects of the sexual self?

Gender role identity

Gender role assumptions

Sexual identity

Gender identity

Question 39

(TCOs 7 and 9) How do peer group pressures affect adolescents?

The typical pattern of peer pressure is to encourage misconduct or negative activities.

Adolescents are most likely to choose a peer group that shares their values, attitudes, behaviors, and identity statuses.

Until their identity is developed, adolescents will be unable to withstand peer pressure to explore attitudes or behaviors that are inconsistent with their basic values and beliefs.

The need to conform to the group increases during adolescence and peaks by age 18 or 19.

Question 40

(TCO 10) What is the term that researchers use to describe the basic, underlying, inevitable processes of physical change that affect all human beings?

Life dissatisfaction

Primary aging

Secondary aging

Core aging

Question 41

(TCO 10) Mary is exposed to a virus when she touches a telephone recently touched by someone who has a cold. Which feature of Mary’s immune system will protect her?

Thymus cells

Red blood cells

T cells

B cells

Question 42

(TCOs 10 and 11) John is looking for a wife. He wants a partner who has a similar background in matters such as education and religious upbringing. Which of the following mate selection strategies is John using?

Trait sorting

Heterogeneity

Homogamy

Exchange theory

Question 43

(TCOs 10 and 11) Which of the following is true regarding parenthood?

In the United States, 75% of women aged 18 to 34 have had or expect to have children.

In the United States, women value parenthood more than men.

In the United States, the number of men who view parenthood as a life-enriching experience is greater than the number of women who feel this way.

Mothers are more likely than fathers to be emotionally attached to their unborn children during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Question 44

(TCO 11) Gilda is 35 years old. Her estrogen levels have decreased, her menstrual periods have become very irregular, and she experiences periods of extreme sweating. What’s happening with Gilda?

She is in the premenopausal phase of menopause.

She is in the postmenopausal phase of menopause.

She is in the perimenopausal phase of menopause.

Gilda is too young to be experiencing menopause so she should see her doctor.

Question 45

(TCO 11) According to Denney’s model, the maximum level of cognitive and physical function an individual can achieve with exercise

steadily decreases as the individual ages.

steadily increases as the individual ages.

is determined by social class, gender, and ethnicity.

stabilizes at about age 40.

Question 46

(TCO 11) What is Erikson’s developmental task of middle adulthood?

Dialectical thought versus problem resolution

Ego integrity versus despair

Generativity versus stagnation

Intimacy versus isolation

Question 47

(TCO 11) Orland, age 50, has always been the top seller in her real estate company. In spite of this, she never rests on her laurels. Three times a year, she attends workshops on salesmanship, closing, and real estate law. Baltes and Baltes would suggest that Orland is using which strategy?

Management

Selection

Optimization

Compensation

Question 48

(TCO 11) If you were to serve a loaf of freshly baked cinnamon bread to a group of older individuals, which of the following comments would you be most likely to hear?

“It smells so good. It’s making my mouth water!”

“This bread smells and tastes delicious!”

“I can’t smell a thing, dear.”

“The flavors of food seem to be so strong, so I really don’t care for anything sweet.”

Question 49

(TCO 12) Mahmoud’s grandparents have him to help them buy a computer and teach them how to use the internet. Which of the following terms describes Mahmoud’s grandparents’ readiness to learn something new?

Social engagement

Cognitive adventurousness

Geriatric thymia

Super cognition

Question 50

(TCO 12) Charles has recently learned that he is terminally ill. He has since begun to lash out at his family and at the medical personnel involved in his care. Kübler-Ross would suggest that this behavior can be explained by which of the following?

A wish to punish others and make them feel pain, too

A loss of control and sense of helplessness

Cognitive changes brought on by the stress of the situation

Interactions between medications

Question 51

(TCOs 1, 3, and 4) Explain three basic principles of Erikson’s theory of development.

Question 52

(TCOs 7 and 9) Consider someone you know, perhaps even yourself, who comes from a biracial family. What are some of the struggles that biracial teens have to overcome? Is what the text says consistent with your own experience?

Question 53

(TCOs 5 and 10) Summarize the pros and cons of hormone therapy during and after menopause. Include in your answer the effectiveness of HT and how the risks of HT can be reduced.

Question 54

(TCO 11) What are the diagnostic criteria for Internet addictive disorder? In your opinion, is IAD a legitimate disorder, or do you agree with what the text says?