03 Feb Émile Durkheim’s types

Question 1 Which of Émile Durkheim’s types of social solidarity characterizes modern life? organic anomic egoistic mechanical Question 2 Why is it so difficult to track the crime rate over time? Sociologists and criminologists do not use common methodologies. We lack good data on criminal activity prior to 1990. The way particular crimes are defined changes over time. Most crimes are unreported. Question 3 After serving a long prison sentence for grand theft auto, Charles stole another car. This is an example of: general deterrence. specific deterrence. anomie. recidivism. Question 4 David Rosenhan sent some of his students to a psychiatric hospital, saying they were “hearing voices.” Each pseudo-patient was admitted and diagnosed with a mental disorder. He was illustrating ________ theory. fatalistic strain labeling functionalist Question 5 Although deviant behavior can be threatening and damaging, paradoxically it also: can never be precisely defined due to constantly changing social construction. strengthens society by exercising mechanisms that preserve cohesion. benefits as many people as it harms. fizzles out once it becomes too damaging. Question 6 Jennifer goes out at night with a spray can and writes on a stop sign. She successfully vandalizes for the first time. Labeling theorists would call this ________ deviance. secondary stigmatized primary social control Question 7 Why is the United States best described as having a mix of mechanical and organic sanctions? Some states have a more organic division of labor than others. The United States applies mechanical sanctions in some contexts and organic sanctions in other contexts. The United States has not yet become a fully modern society. It is not a mix; it is best described as fully organic. Question 8 According to Howard S. Becker, why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug? They are covering up or trying to escape some other deviant tendencies. They are genetically predisposed to enjoying its effects. They enjoy provoking disapproval in others. They engage in a social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable. Question 9 Punishments that are based on the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership are known as unspoken rules and as: restitutive. informal social sanctions. rehabilitative. formal social sanctions. Question 10 Tracy rejects the goals of owning a big house and earning lots of money, which she feels are defined by society. However, she still works hard and follows the rules. Robert Merton would classify Tracy as a(n): innovator. retreatist. rebel. ritualist. Question 11 How does social context affect crime, according to the broken windows theory? Broken windows provide easy access to places in which to use drugs and engage in prostitution. Evidence of disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it’s acceptable to engage in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism. If the local economy doesn’t provide enough jobs for residents, crime becomes the easiest way to get by. Criminals often start with petty vandalism to build their confidence. They then work their way up to more serious and dangerous crimes. Question 12 Prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Erving Goffman calls: total institutions. panopticons. the Rockefeller drug laws. specific deterrence. Question 13 J. P. Morgan trader Bruno Iksil placed a giant risky trade and lost $6 billion for the bank. His boss and assistant conspired to cover up the losses by filing false reports. These crimes are known as: corporate crimes. street crimes. violations. violent crimes. Question 14 A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as: general deterrence. recidivism. specific deterrence. anomie. Question 15 The student guards in Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because: they believed the “inmates” had actually committed crimes and deserved punishment. they were simply following orders from a legitimate authority figure, who in this case was their professor. they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural expectations. they were malnourished. Question 16 In the past, a murderer might have been executed with the same weapon she used to commit the crime. According to Michel Foucault, this is an example of what? violence against the body panopticonism modern punishment violence against the soul Question 17 Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance? offensive criminal formal informal Question 18 Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crime, as defined by sociologists? violent crime robbery white-collar crime street crime Question 19 Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance? SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social systems. SI accepts deviance in society; functionalism says deviance must be eliminated. SI argues that deviance plays a symbolic role in society that helps reinforce cohesion; functionalism argues that deviance threatens social cohesion. SI sees deviance as negative; functionalism does not judge it. Question 20 A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect “American dream” lifestyle, but sells illegal drugs to achieve this, is known by Robert Merton as a(n): ritualist. conformist. rebel. innovator. Question 21 What were the types of suicide described by Émile Durkheim? conformist, altruistic, anomic, and recidivist egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and recidivist egoistic, altruistic, recidivist, and fatalistic Question 22 Mia is a correctional officer who wants to understand the rising prison population. Which group is fueling the increase seen in this chart? mc054-1.jpg women committing extreme violence repeat nonviolent offenders juveniles who are being wrongly sentenced as adults first-time incarcerations for drug-related crimes Question 23 A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of deviance? informal formal secondary social Question 24 Which of Émile Durkheim’s types of social solidarity characterized premodern life? egoistic mechanical anomic organic Question 25 A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished. This is an example of which of the following? recidivism anomie specific deterrence general deterrence Question 26 In his book Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys (2011), Victor Rios questions whether: aggressive policing in inner-city neighborhoods actually decreases juvenile crime. replacing teachers in inner-city schools with police officers decreases crime. installing cameras at every street corner decreases crime in inner cities. replacing police officers with social workers decreases crime in inner cities. Question 27 The functionalist perspective argues that deviance: will disappear as societies evolve. is necessary for a society’s survival. is a symptom of other dysfunctions in society. makes societies less functional. Question 28 The 2003 U.S. Supreme Court case of Lawrence v. Texas: applied the death penalty to the crime of selling illegal drugs. criminalized littering, punishable by a $500 fine. affirmed Texas’s criminalization of homosexual sex. struck down Texas’s criminalization of homosexual sex. Question 29 Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what urban theorist Jane Jacobs called: panopticons. the eyes and ears of the streets. formal social sanctions. stigmas. Question 30 The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide is defined by Émile Durkheim as: anomie. collective conscience. division of labor. organic solidarity.

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