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Module 01 Laboratory Assignment – Review Anatomical Terminology, Metric Conversions, and Genetics Module 01 Lab Worksheet: General Review Introduction This week’s lab will focus on reviewing the concepts of anatomical terminology, metric conversion and genetics, specifically the concept of dominant and recessive alleles in a human pedigree. Objectives Objectives for this week’s lab include: 1) Review anatomical terminology, 2) Demonstrate metric conversion knowledge, and 3) Review the concepts of genetic inheritance and demonstrate knowledge of the inheritance patterns of dominant and recessive alleles through a human pedigree analysis. Overview Understanding and proper use of anatomical terminology is necessary within the health sciences field and will be vital for the various dissections that will be performed in future labs. Specifically, the terms: anterior (ventral/rostral), posterior (dorsal), lateral, medial, superior (cranial), inferior (caudal), distal, proximal, superficial and deep. If you are unfamiliar with any of these terms, please review them prior to the lab. The majority of the world and all of the scientific community (including all disciplines health care) utilize the metric system. Having a standardized unit of measurement across systems, professional fields and countries with the ease of converting units is not only necessary, it’s vital. By now, you should have been exposed to the metric system and these concepts will be reviewed within this lab. If unfamiliar with some concepts of the metric system, please review them prior to lab. The process of genetic inheritance can be complex and confusing to most but having a solid understanding will further help your ability to comprehend genetic disorders, predispositions to certain diseases/conditions and how traits are passed from one generation to the next. By now, you should have been exposed to the concept of Punnett squares in “predicting” the likelihood a particular trait will be passed to offspring. This lab will examine the mapping of a human pedigree in determining the phenotype and genotype of an individual. Human cells have 46 chromosomes; 22 pairs of identical chromosomes and a set of sex chromosomes. You have a chromosomal set from your mother (23 chromosomes; from the egg) and a chromosomal set from your father (23 chromosomes; from the sperm). Ultimately, you have 22 pairs of homologous (identical) chromosomes; this means you have two copies of these genes (1 from your mother, 1 from your father). These copies are called alleles and can be either Dominant or Recessive. For simplicity reasons (not necessary true), let’s say on chromosome 8 there is a gene (called gene “webbed toe”) that will determine if you have webbed toes or not. You have two copies of the gene “webbed toe”; because you have 2 homologous copies of chromosome 8 (1 from your mother, 1 from your father). These two copies are not exactly identical; they have slight DNA sequence variations within each gene. These variations are called alleles and can be in the form of a Dominant allele (in this case represented by “W”) or Recessive allele (in this case represented by “w”). The set of alleles an individual has is referred to as their genotype and is determined by which allele you receive from each parent. Your genotype can either be: WW, Ww or ww. Anytime a Dominant allele is present (WW or Ww), its phenotype (physical characteristic) is expressed; in this case- no webbed toes. The only time the Recessive allele phenotype (physical characteristic) is expressed is when the Dominant allele is absent, (ww); in this case- webbed toes. If an individual is Ww; sometimes that individual is referred to as a “carrier” of the recessive allele. He/she doesn’t physically express the recessive allele trait but can pass the allele to an offspring. Materials · Content from Module 01 Part 01 Procedure: Anatomical Terminology 1. Utilizing your course book, review the following anatomical terminology with your lab partners. Use a large sheet of poster paper to draw two outlines of human body, similar to the illustrations below. Label one “Anterior” and the other “Posterior.” 2. Label your outlines with the following regional terms: Cranium Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Arm Forearm Thigh Leg Phalanges (Digits) 3. Label your outlines with the following directional terms: (Use arrows when appropriate.) Proximal Distal Superior Inferior Cranial Caudal Medial Lateral Part 02 Procedure: Metric Conversions Use this table to complete the metric conversions below. Unit Abbreviation Description Multiple/ Fraction Scientific Notation Kilo k Thousand times greater 1,000 1.0 x 103 Hecto h Hundred times greater 100 1.0 x 102 Deka dk or da Ten times greater 10 1.0 x 101 UNIT: Grams Liters Meters g l m Deci d One-tenth less 1/10 or 0.1 1.0 x 10-1 Centi c One-hundredth less 1/100 or 0.01 1.0 x 10-2 Milli m One-thousandth less 1/1000 or 0.001 1.0 x 10-3 1. Please complete the following conversions: A) 4.5 liters to milliliters: ______ B) 7.098 kg to mg: ______ C) 0.856 mm to cm: _______ D) 135.46 cg to kg: ______ E) 6.55 ml to l: ________ 2. You have 1g of Drug X and a patient needs to receive 25mg twice a day. How many days will 1g of Drug X last? 3. A patient is to receive 1500mg of Drug B but all that you have within inventory is 1.0g tablets. Is this a problem? Why or why not? 4. A patient is to receive 3.5g of Drug M but only comes in 50cg tablets that cannot be split. Is this a problem? Why or why not? Part 03 Procedure: Common Traits, Phenotypes, Genotypes 1. Take part in an observational study of you and your lab partners’ phenotypes and genotypes of common traits. Use the common traits listed below to help you fill out the chart below. A) Ability to roll your tongue a. A dominant allele (R) gives individuals the ability to roll their tongues into a “U” shape when extended. b. Individuals with recessive alleles (rr) cannot roll their tongues B) Ability to fold your tongue backwards a. A dominant allele (T) gives individuals the ability to fold their tongues backward (or over) without using their teeth. b. Individuals with recessive alleles (tt) cannot fold their tongues. C) Free or attached earlobes a. A dominant allele (L) gives individuals free earlobes. b. Individuals with recessive alleles (ll) gives individuals with earlobes attached directly to the head. D) Hair growth on middle joints of fingers a. A dominant allele (H) will give individuals hair growth on their middle joints of their fingers. b. Individuals with recessive alleles (hh) will have no hair growth on their middle fingers. E) Widow’s peak a. A dominant allele (W) will give individuals a widow’s peak or a downward point in the middle of the forehead. b. Individuals with recessive alleles (ww) will give individuals a smooth hairline. Remember, if you have the recessive phenotype for any of these traits, your genotype will be double recessive alleles, “dd”. If you have the dominant phenotype for any of these traits, you may have either a “DD” (dominant-dominant) or “Dd” (dominant-recessive) genotype. One way to determine if your genotype is “DD” or “Dd” is to check the phenotype of your parents. If you express the dominant phenotype and don’t know the second allele, then utilize a question mark; for example, “D?” Trait Phenotype Genotype Example: Roll Tongue Cannot roll tongue rr Roll Tongue Fold Tongue Earlobes Hair Growth Widow’s Peak Part 04 Procedure: Human Pedigree Analysis 1. A human pedigree analysis is where an investigator traces the history of a specific phenotype through the history of a family and maps/draws out a family tree (otherwise known as a pedigree) of the individuals with that particular phenotype. The pedigree gives the investigator with the ability to map out the genotypes of each family member. An example of a human pedigree and the key for the symbols are as following: To be able to complete this section of the lab, you must understand the terms autosomal dominant disorder/disease and autosomal recessive disorder/disease. Use the human pedigrees on the following pages to answer the corresponding questions. Human Pedigree Analysis: Type A (dominant: P; recessive: p) 1. What type of disease is being demonstrated: Autosomal Dominant or Autosomal Recessive? How did you determine this? 2. What are the genotypes for the follow individuals? A) B) C) D) Human Pedigree Analysis: Type B (dominant: M; recessive: m) 1. What type of disease is being demonstrated: Autosomal Dominant or Autosomal Recessive? How did you determine this? 2. What are the genotypes of the following individuals? A) B) C) D) E) Human Pedigree Analysis: Type C (dominant: H; recessive: h) 3. What type of disease is being demonstrated: Autosomal Dominant or Autosomal Recessive? How did you determine this? 4. What are the genotypes of the following individuals? A) B) C) D) E) F) G) References Nucleus Medical Media (2015). Female figure outline, anterior view [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://ebsco-smartimagebase-com.ezproxy.rasmussen.edu/female-figure-outline-anterior-view/view-item?ItemID=2364 Nucleus Medical Media (2015). Male figure outline, posterior [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://ebsco-smartimagebase-com.ezproxy.rasmussen.edu/male-figure-outline-posterior/view-item?ItemID=2367

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