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94) The number of firms in an oligopolistic

90) One of the strongest reasons that oligopolies exist is due to A) the homogeneity of their products.

B) marginal cost pricing. C) lowest cost production. D) economies of scale.

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92) Economies of scale means that

A) the average fixed cost curve slopes downward over its entire range.

B) the four-firm concentration ratio is below 80.

C) the long-run average total cost curve slopes downward over it entire range.

D) the long-run total cost curve slopes downward over it entire range.

93) The higher the concentration ratio is in an industry, the more likely it is that A) the industry is perfectly competitive.

B) the market share of the smallest four firms is larger. C) the market share of the largest four firms is smaller. D) the industry has an oligopoly.

94) The number of firms in an oligopolistic industry

A) must be less than 10.

B) must be less than 20.

C) must be small enough that firms are interdependent.

D) must be large enough for firms to be independent.

95) The outputs of an oligopolistic industry

A) can be homogeneous or differentiated.

B) must cost above $100 on the market.

C) always have excise taxes imposed on them.

D) have no substitutes on the market.

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96) Oligopolistic industries are characterized by a A) few large firms and no barriers to entry.

B) large number of firms and no barriers to entry. C) few large firms and substantial barriers to entry.

D) large number of firms and substantial barriers to entry.

97) Economies of scale

A) do not arise in oligopolistic industries.

B) can exist but are rare in oligopolistic industries.

C) can exist but fail to create barriers to entry in oligopolistic industries.

D) are commonplace and often a barrier to entry in oligopolistic industries.

98) Suppose an industry is composed of 10 firms. Each firm’s share of total sales in the industry is 10 percent. If two of the firms merge, then the four-firm concentration ratio in the industry will A) remain unchanged.

B) decrease as there are fewer firms in the industry. C) increase.

D) depend on the market condition faced by the industry.

99) Suppose an industry is composed of 10 firms. Each firm’s share of total sales in the industry is 10 percent. If two of the firms merge, then the four-firm concentration ratio in the industry is A) 40 percent.

B) 45 percent. C) 50 percent.

D) unable to determine.

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100) The merger of two pizza restaurant chains would be an example of A) a horizontal merger.

B) a vertical merger.

C) a conglomerate merger. D) an independent merger.

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