22 Apr Watch the EDGE of Existence video on coral reefs found in Media Gallery or Kaltura Media Gallery link in the Coral Reef Modules. Try this link: ED
Watch the EDGE of Existence video on coral reefs found in Media Gallery or Kaltura Media Gallery link in the Coral Reef Modules. Try this link: EDGE of Existence (Links to an external site.)
In the video, "Reefs on the EDGE", a 15-year-old girl retells her grandfather's stories of coral reefs, gone from existence in her life. This 2012 short film was intended as a powerful message to raise awareness about the threats of climate change.
Discuss your initial thoughts and final reactions. What questions do you have?
The Curious Case Study (50 points)
For this assignment, you will complete the case study by answering the questions posed in the lecture. (Learning Outcomes #2, #3, #5, and #7)
Cite your answers. If you’ve drawn your ideas from the Endangered Earth Introduction lecture, then cite slide #.
Options for Assignment:
1. You create a table with the questions & problems on the left side and all the possible solutions for the question/problem on the right side (use bullet points instead of full sentences).
example:
How do we increase cheetah populations?
- Restore cheetah to Iran and India
- Ex-situ breeding programs
How do we reduce cheetah-human conflict?
- Anatolian Shepherds to guard livestock
Coral Reefs
Case Study: Coral Reefs
Major endangered reef regions
Only 2.6% protected
33% of reef species endangered
Coral Reefs Small unique areas rich with marine life
Highly vulnerable to extinction
World’s most endangered ecosystems
Coral Reefs: Global Distribution
Click link below to learn more about coral reefs:
Coral Reefs: Global Distribution
Coral Reefs: Importance Coral reefs support the livelihoods of millions of
people.
Coral reefs supply seafood, building materials, sources for medicinal products, and draw in much needed tourism revenue.
Reefs also protect shorelines and communities from storms and erosion.
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Importance Coral reefs are an important source of food for
hundreds of millions of people, many of whom have no other source of animal protein.
However especially reefs in developing countries are threatened and if human impact on reefs is not reduced there is a great danger, that some of the world's poorest people will lose an important source of nutrition, and in many cases their livelihoods.
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Importance Despite their extraordinary value, coral reefs are
deeply threatened by human activities and global climate change.
Coral Reefs: Threats
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Threats
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Threats
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Threats
Coral Reefs: Threatened Nations most socially and economically
vulnerable to coral reef degradation Haiti, Grenada, the Philippines, Comoros, Vanuatu,
Tanzania, Kiribati, Fiji, and Indonesia.
28% of global reef systems
Reefs provide food, tourism, and coastal protection
Threatened by unsustainable fishing, population stresses, and global warming
Governments do not have capacity to protect them
Coral Reefs: Case Study Most Endangered Coral Region on Earth
Coral Reefs: Coral Triangle Region
Coral Triangle
• 600 different species of coral
•3000 different species of fish (37% of world’s reef fish, 8% endemic)
•Home to 6 of the 7 marine turtle species and 22 species of marine mammals
•120 million people live in the region and rely on the reef resources, income, and protection
Coral Triangle: Economics The total annual economical value of natural habitats
in the Coral Triangle including coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds is an estimated US $2.3 billion
The commercial fishing industry of the Coral Triangle generates US $3 billion in income annually and supports millions of people in many costal villages.
http://www.coralscience.org/main/articles/climate -a-ecology-16/the-coral-triangle
Coral Triangle: Economics Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds are crucial
breeding grounds for many marine creatures, including several commercially important species such as yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, skipjack tuna, Napoleon wrasse, and bumphead parrotfish.
Without these nurseries for large pelagic fish species, there would be nowhere for adults to spawn or for the fry and juveniles to grow and eventually reproduce, making the continued existence of these species impossible.
http://www.coralscience.org/main/articles/climate -a-ecology-16/the-coral-triangle
Coral Triangle Fish density declining 6% annually
Endangered species: All marine sea turtles
Green sea turtle
Loggerhead
Hawksbill
Olive Ridley
Leatherback
Flatback
Dugong
Humphead wrasse
Coral Triangle: Threats •Pollution
•Deforestation
•Overfishing • 50% taken before
able to reproduce
• 79% spawning aggregations stopped forming or are in decline
•Destructive fishing • Cyanide Poisoning
• Dynamite fishing
• Blasts destroy 200 sq. feet at a time
Coral Triangle: Threats •Bycatch
• Million pounds of non-target species entangled in gillnets, trawls, and longlines each year
• Devastating to species, especially endangered marine turtles, sharks, and juvenile fish
•Climate Change • Rising sea levels
• Warming
• Bleaching
• Acidification
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role Coral reef mapping Monitoring reef health Reef and marine ecosystem
classification Estimate reef area coverage Change detection Water quality Shoreline erosion/accretion
responsible for reef degradation
Limited coral reef management
Coastal zone management Marine protected areas Fishing zones
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role MONITORING CORAL REEFS AND SEA GRASS BEDS
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role MONITORING CORAL REEFS AND SEA GRASS BEDS
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role MONITORING CORAL REEFS AND SEA GRASS BEDS
Coral Geographic is one of the projects now underway at Coral reef Research which will culminate almost all that is known about the biogeography of reef building stony corals.
Coral Triangle: Solutions Marine protected areas can include several zones— “no-take”,
sustainable use, research—which provide opportunities for both conservation and sustainable exploitation.
But there are still too few marine protected areas in the region. And even where they exist, often they are not effectively managed. This severely limits the ability of MPAs to replenish fish populations.
What we need are well-designed and well-managed networks of marine protected areas and locally managed marine areas. This is the key to preventing further biodiversity loss and fisheries collapse.
How/where do we design these marine protected areas?
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_wor k/coraltriangle/solutions/marine_protected_areas/
Legend..CoralSpeciesRichness%ofThreatenedCoralSpecies(Vulnerable,EndangeredandCriticallyEndangered)IUCNRedListDataforCoralsintheoralTriangle
Coral Triangle: Solutions Sustainable fishing
International laws and standards support sustainable fisheries management, and are applicable to tuna regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) and their member states.
But in reality, tuna RFMOs have been unable to prevent overexploitation of tuna, rebuild depleted stocks, or protect the wider ecosystem.
How do we address the problem of unsustainable fishing?
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_wor k/coraltriangle/solutions/sustainable_tuna_fisheri es_coraltriangle/
Coral Triangle: Solutions In the Coral Triangle, the impacts of bycatch have been
devastating. Populations of nesting marine turtles have declined by as much as 90% in some areas
Overfishing of sharks in longline fisheries targeting tuna has endangered many species and in shrimp fisheries, juvenile 'trash fish' can outweigh the catch of targeted shrimp by more than 10 to 1
Fishing gear—longlines, gillnets, and trawl nets, not selective
How do we implement and enforce the use of better, safer technologies for fishing?
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_wor k/coraltriangle/solutions/tackling_fisheries_bycat ch/
Coral Triangle: Status 40% of coral reefs and mangroves destroyed in the last 40 years
Only 1% of protected areas effective in stopping coral degradation
Coral Triangle will disappear at a rate of 1-2% every year
In 40 years, the Coral Triangle may collapse and vanish
Easy Ways You Can Protect Coral Reefs
• Conserve water and energy
• Reduce Pollution • Buy renewable or
biodegradable products instead of plastics
• Support reef-friendly businesses
• Wear a swim shirt for sun protection or natural sunscreens
• Do not step on or harm coral
• Volunteer for ocean and rivers clean-ups! Caribbean Reseeding Project
Conservation Infogram: The Coral Triangle 1) How/where do we design these marine
protected areas?
2) How do we address the problem of unsustainable fishing?
3) How do we implement and enforce the use of better, safer technologies for fishing?
Pick one of the three questions and create an Infogram highlighting the potential solutions to the problems.
,
The Endangered Earth
Coral Reefs
Case Study: Coral Reefs
Major endangered reef regions
Only 2.6% protected
33% of reef species endangered
2
Coral Reefs
Small unique areas rich with marine life
Highly vulnerable to extinction
World’s most endangered ecosystems
Coral Reefs: Global Distribution
https://www.slideshare.net/notesmaster/coral-reefs-theory-types-formation
Click link below to learn more about coral reefs:
Coral Reefs: Global Distribution
Coral Reefs: Importance
Coral reefs support the livelihoods of millions of people.
Coral reefs supply seafood, building materials, sources for medicinal products, and draw in much needed tourism revenue.
Reefs also protect shorelines and communities from storms and erosion.
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Importance
Coral reefs are an important source of food for hundreds of millions of people, many of whom have no other source of animal protein.
However especially reefs in developing countries are threatened and if human impact on reefs is not reduced there is a great danger, that some of the world's poorest people will lose an important source of nutrition, and in many cases their livelihoods.
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Importance
Despite their extraordinary value, coral reefs are deeply threatened by human activities and global climate change.
Coral Reefs: Threats
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Threats
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Threats
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/hotspots.html#1
Coral Reefs: Threats
Coral Reefs: Threatened
Nations most socially and economically vulnerable to coral reef degradation
Haiti, Grenada, the Philippines, Comoros, Vanuatu, Tanzania, Kiribati, Fiji, and Indonesia.
28% of global reef systems
Reefs provide food, tourism, and coastal protection
Threatened by unsustainable fishing, population stresses, and global warming
Governments do not have capacity to protect them
Coral Reefs: Case Study Most Endangered Coral Region on Earth
Coral Reefs: Coral Triangle Region
Coral Triangle
600 different species of coral
3000 different species of fish (37% of world’s reef fish, 8% endemic)
Home to 6 of the 7 marine turtle species
and 22 species of marine mammals
120 million people live in the region and rely on the reef resources, income, and protection
Coral Triangle: Economics
The total annual economical value of natural habitats in the Coral Triangle including coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds is an estimated US $2.3 billion
The commercial fishing industry of the Coral Triangle generates US $3 billion in income annually and supports millions of people in many costal villages.
http://www.coralscience.org/main/articles/climate-a-ecology-16/the-coral-triangle
Coral Triangle: Economics
Coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds are crucial breeding grounds for many marine creatures, including several commercially important species such as yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, skipjack tuna, Napoleon wrasse, and bumphead parrotfish.
Without these nurseries for large pelagic fish species, there would be nowhere for adults to spawn or for the fry and juveniles to grow and eventually reproduce, making the continued existence of these species impossible.
http://www.coralscience.org/main/articles/climate-a-ecology-16/the-coral-triangle
Coral Triangle
Fish density declining 6% annually
Endangered species:
All marine sea turtles
Green sea turtle
Loggerhead
Hawksbill
Olive Ridley
Leatherback
Flatback
Dugong
Humphead wrasse
Coral Triangle: Threats
Pollution
Deforestation
Overfishing
50% taken before able to reproduce
79% spawning aggregations stopped forming or are in decline
Destructive fishing
Cyanide Poisoning
Dynamite fishing
Blasts destroy 200 sq. feet at a time
Coral Triangle: Threats
Bycatch
Million pounds of non-target species entangled in gillnets, trawls, and longlines each year
Devastating to species, especially endangered marine turtles, sharks, and juvenile fish
Climate Change
Rising sea levels
Warming
Bleaching
Acidification
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role
Coral reef mapping
Monitoring reef health
Reef and marine ecosystem classification
Estimate reef area coverage
Change detection
Water quality
Shoreline erosion/accretion responsible for reef degradation
Limited coral reef management
Coastal zone management
Marine protected areas
Fishing zones
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role
MONITORING CORAL REEFS AND SEA GRASS BEDS
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role
MONITORING CORAL REEFS AND SEA GRASS BEDS
Coral Reefs: Geography’s Role
MONITORING CORAL REEFS AND SEA GRASS BEDS
Coral Geographic is one of the projects now underway at Coral reef Research which will culminate almost all that is known about the biogeography of reef building stony corals.
Coral Triangle: Solutions
Marine protected areas can include several zones— “no-take”, sustainable use, research—which provide opportunities for both conservation and sustainable exploitation.
But there are still too few marine protected areas in the region. And even where they exist, often they are not effectively managed. This severely limits the ability of MPAs to replenish fish populations.
What we need are well-designed and well-managed networks of marine protected areas and locally managed marine areas. This is the key to preventing further biodiversity loss and fisheries collapse.
How/where do we design these marine protected areas?
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/coraltriangle/solutions/marine_protected_areas/
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