18 Feb The textbook notes the following:? ‘Families pass learned behaviors and experiences, or cultural heritage, from generation to generation (Johnson, 1998). Drawing from the worldview framework in
The textbook notes the following:
"Families pass learned behaviors and experiences, or cultural heritage, from generation to generation (Johnson, 1998). Drawing from the worldview framework introduced in Chapter One, the values held by cultural groups are expressed in unique patterns through the formation and perpetuation of family units. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) propose that the three primary cultural expressions of group membership are lineal, collaborative, and individualistic. Family units within these cultural groups reflect the orientation of the larger social group. For instance, Native American families reflect stronger linear relationships, often defining family membership based on a clan or group of related families (Johnson, 1998). However, few cultural groups will fit neatly into any one of the three orientations. Although many Native Americans may have a more developed awareness of their tribal membership (lineal), the basic functions of these tribes have historically been collaborative in nature."
Questions:
- In some cultures, ancestry is very important, and multiple generations of a family may live in the same dwelling. How much do you know about your own family’s cultural heritage? What are some of your family’s values? [Reference: Core Values Sheet] – 10 points
- What are some of the values and beliefs that were passed down to you that you subscribe to? What values do you disagree with if any? –10 points
- What lessons have you learned about managing resources based on the material for this module? Including PP (video)? –10 points
Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition Chapter 3: Studying Family Resource Management
The Scientific Process
Observations on families.
Course of scientific process or method.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.1: Explain how the scientific process relates to family resource management.
Observations on families: Collected, analyzed, and explored in structured format to understand and predict future behavior.
Course of scientific process or method:
Begins with a need to understand behavior and proceeds with a formal research question.
Gathering and analyzing data in a systematic and rigorous way gives results that support or contradict existing theories.
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Theories (1 of 13)
Functions of theories:
Describe,
Sensitize, integrate,
Explain, value.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Functions of theories:
Descriptive: Name, classify, and organize phenomena for understanding.
Sensitize: Recognize phenomena that is outside of our own experience, yet relevant to understanding.
Integrate: Make connections between concepts to facilitate understanding.
Explain: How and why things happened and what might happen in the future.
Value: Express values of those using and building theory.
3
Theories (2 of 13)
Social Exchange Theory
Utilitarian thinking.
Personal resources for family maintenance.
Exchange framework.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Utilitarian thinking:
Humans are motivated to act and behave based on what they value the most.
Part of microeconomics of a family.
Difference in family members’ motivation create situations where resources can be bartered and exchanged to further one’s self-interests.
Personal resources for family maintenance:
Infants and children are expected to contribute to the family’s functioning in the future.
Adolescent and adult family members participate in cost-benefit analysis.
Exchange framework:
Used to study the power bases within the family.
Individual’s value and power is directly proportional to his ability to provide resources.
Power base impacts individual’s decision-making process.
4
Theories (3 of 13)
Social Exchange Theory
Other fields using exchange theory.
Inheritance: succession.
Legal wills: common action.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Other fields using exchange theory:
Study of courtship,
Mate selection, and
Implementation of decision-making process across family life situations.
Inheritance: The succession of money, property, or a title that has been passed on from generation to generation.
Legal wills: The increasingly complex legal ramifications regarding inheritance has made the creation of legal wills and trusts a common action.
5
Theories (4 of 13)
Symbolic Interactionism Theory
The conceptual framework.
Symbols: representing a thing.
Family define situations.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
The conceptual framework:
Weaves into social and psychological concepts.
Looks within families at the process that creates a family unit in the minds of those family members.
Symbol:
Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention.
Family identities emerge over time as the family creates rituals and shared meanings or symbols.
Family define situations:
Shared meanings emerging through interactions and defining of member roles help family define situations in unique ways.
Meanings of the situation and possible actions available for group members to handle particular situation determines behaviors and resource identification.
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Theories (5 of 13)
Symbolic Interactionism Theory
Impression management.
Research: products making a person.
Conspicuous consumption.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Impression management:
The process by which people try to control the impressions that other people form of them.
Individuals are aware that the choices they make will be interpreted by social groups outside the family.
Research: Laverie, Kleine, and Schultz’s study:
Research question: How products make the person?
Results:
Actual possessions lead to more positive self-evaluations.
Social ties and media promotion of products also enhance the owner’s feeling of self-definition.
Conspicuous consumption:
Spending large quantities of money, often extravagantly, to impress others.
For example, designer labels, specially bred pets, and expensive automobiles with identifying symbols.
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Theories (6 of 13)
Human Ecological Theory
Haeckel’s ideas: biology and environment.
Richards: use of scientific principles.
Hawley: ecosystem influence.
Bronfenbrenner: environmental influence.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Haeckel’s ideas: There is a link between science or biology and the environment.
Ellen Swallow Richards: Searched for a way of using scientific principles to improve the lives of families.
Hawley’s prepositions:
Described the family within the surrounding ecosystem.
Prepositions are:
Change and growth occur through experiences with outside systems,
New information from the outside causes change to the relationships within the family, and
The family is closed to the ecosystem around it to ensure stability.
Bronfenbrenner’s study: Explained how the external environment influences how the child will grow and develop.
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Theories (7 of 13)
Family Development Theory
Two major components: time and history.
Descriptive phase of the theory.
Research on family stress.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Two major components:
Time and history.
Focuses on the changing social expectations unique to each stage of a family’s existence.
Descriptive phase of the theory: Phase of recording and reflecting on definition of a family and its life course during the American Revolution.
Research on family stress: The family unit possesses social roles and relationships that change as the family moves through stages over time.
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Theories (8 of 13)
Family Development Theory
Family stage and its criticism.
Renegotiation of roles in marriage.
Age- and stage-graded roles.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Family stage:
An interval of time in which the roles and relationships within the family change in observable ways.
Works easily with traditional families of wife, husband, and two children.
Criticism:
With the changing diverse family structures, this theory becomes problematic.
Traditional family structures with several children become confusing as the number of stages and overlapping of stages increase.
Renegotiation of roles in marriage:
Gupta studied effects of transitions in marital status on men’s performance of housework.
Conclusion: With respect to housework, the formation of households with adult partners of the opposite gender remains more to men’s than to women’s advantage.
Age- and stage-graded roles:
Family member roles may be age- and stage-graded.
For example, cleaning is more acceptable expectation for a retired male than for a working male.
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Theories (9 of 13)
Family Systems Theory
Origin of the theory.
Postulate of the theory.
Assumption of the theory.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Origin of the theory:
Popular perspective among professionals who work with families.
Grew out of general systems theory developed by Bertalanffy in the 1960s.
Postulate of the theory:
Accordingly, when a family member is affected, all other members of that family are also affected.
Helpful in working with individual family member.
Assumption of the theory: What families do within their units impacts their communities.
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Theories (10 of 13)
Conflict Theory and Feminist Perspective
Marx’s views on Industrial Revolution.
Central themes of conflict theory.
Status of individuals in marriage.
Avoidance of conflict theory.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Marx’s views on Industrial Revolution:
He focused on the negative impact.
Capitalist environment encouraged the exploitation of workers.
When the oppressed challenge their oppressors, conditions can be changed.
Central themes of conflict theory:
Humans are driven to want and to seek certain things.
Power is at the core of all social relationships.
Groups have self-interests that they use to advance their own goals.
Status of individuals in marriage:
The relationship is often characterized with inequality, subordination, and male dominance.
Other family situations studied are:
Domestic violence,
Divorce, and
Single parenting.
Reception of conflict theory:
Researchers avoided using conflict theory because it challenges the presentation of families as stable, harmonious, and peaceful social units.
However, with the society’s experience of stressful periods, it emerged as a majorly used theory in the late 1960s.
Feminist theory is rooted in basic conflict theory.
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Theories (11 of 13)
Conflict Theory and Feminist Perspective
Lindahl and Malik’s study.
Themes of feminist perspective.
Unequal power bases.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Lindahl and Malik’s study:
Clashes over power and control in marriage diminished support of the children.
Mental and physical resources are limited as the couple are unavailable for other tasks.
Themes of feminist perspectives:
The emphasis on women and their experiences,
Recognition that under existing social arrangements women are subordinated or oppressed,
Commitment to ending that unjust subordination, and
Attention to gender and gender relations as fundamental to all of social life.
Unequal power bases:
Conflict is natural and expected in human interaction.
Unequal power bases within family results in competition, coercion, and conflict.
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Theories (12 of 13)
Family Strengths Framework
Focus on what is right rather than wrong.
Advantage: changing focus.
Qualities of a strong and healthy family.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Focus of the framework: On what is right rather than what is wrong with families.
Advantage: The focus of study is changed from just solving problems to emphasizing what is working well in the family.
Qualities of a strong and healthy family:
Commitment of the family,
Spending enjoyable time together,
Spiritual well-being,
Successful management of stress and crisis,
Positive communication, and
Showing appreciation and affection to each other.
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Theories (13 of 13)
Family Strengths Framework
Views of researchers:
DeFrain and Stinnett: identified propositions.
Greg and Cindy: focused on positive.
Cultural context plays an important role.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.2: Describe theories related to family resource management.
Views of researchers:
DeFrain and Stinnett: Identified several propositions of the strengths perspective.
Greg and Cindy:
Looked at their own families and identified differences focusing on the issue of money.
They focused on the positive by appreciating the values that the other person brought to the discussion.
They also used positive communication to discuss ways to change and manage positive growth in this area.
Cultural context plays an important role:
Family strengths are influenced by their cultural contexts.
People live under the complex contests of family, extended family, community, and national culture.
15
Family Research Design
Quantitative research: numerical representation.
Qualitative research: on opinions and values.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.3: Compare quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative research:
Research that examines phenomena through the numerical representation of observations and statistical analysis.
Data can be collected through structured interviews, experiments, or surveys and are reported numerically.
For example, a project in which the researcher wants to find out whether an increase in single-parent homes has a possible connection to an increase in juvenile delinquency.
Qualitative research:
A research method that measures information based on opinions and values as opposed to statistical data.
Data can be collected through open-ended interviews, review of documents and artifacts, participant observations, or practice.
For example, a researcher who conducts interviews and observation to understand the families lived experiences.
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Application of Research to Family Resource Management
Active research of family behaviors difficult.
Bias: an error in sampling.
Research during the 1970s.
Contemporary research on family consumption.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 3.4: Explore application of research to contemporary management of resources by family units.
Active research of family behaviors difficult: due to
Privacy rights and legal and ethical protections upon participating in research.
Legal protection regulated by medical field and government agencies.
Bias: A systematic error [is] introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others.
Research during the 1970s: Addressed: Energy efficiency of automobiles, appliances, and added cost of goods and services due to transportation expenses in the supply chain.
Contemporary research on family consumption: Focuses on:
Sex equality of household duties and employment earnings.
Impact of online purchasing.
Electronic payment and banking practices.
Waste and inefficiency of resource use with an emphasis on recycling, reusing, and reducing waste.
Impact of global climate change.
Racial and socio-economic inequality.
Problems and challenges for families.
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,
Top ten values:
– Accountability
– Spirituality
– Peace
– Well-being
– Self control
– Attractiveness
– Balance
– Loyalty
– Love
– Open-mindedness
Top 5 values:
– Spiritualty
– Balance
– Accountability
– Love
My top five values that resonate the most with me is spirituality, well-being, balance, accountability, and love. Spirituality is important to me because it is what keeps my faith and beliefs strong when guiding myself throughout my life. Well-being is another important value because it is necessary to feel good, think positive, and overall take care of myself and my mental health. Balance is important because it helps me to not have too much or too little of everything in my life. Whether it is alone time, quality time with family or friends, spending money, shopping, and eating habits. Having balance helps me to have a bit of everything I need and want. Accountability is an important value because it helps me grow as a person to take responsibility for my own actions and being able to admit things whether if it is right or wrong. Lastly love is an important value to me because I like to express my love to those that I care for but to also feel loved by the people I care about the most.
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Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition Chapter 2: Understanding Families and How Resources are Managed
History of the Family (1 of 3)
Organization of a clan around a patriarch.
Family in medieval Europe.
Inclusion of members in a family.
Westermarck’s views on origin of marriage.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
2
Satisfies Learning Objective 2.1: Summarize the history and origins of the family.
Organization of a clan around a patriarch:
Prehistoric clans were organized around a patriarch.
With the development of agriculture, clans got organized around geographic areas ruled by political figures.
Family in medieval Europe: Was influenced by church and feudalism and generally extended in form.
Inclusion of members in a family:
From the 18th-century English writings, the term included both the blood relatives in the household and servants and other relatives in residence.
Criterion for inclusion: Individual’s dependence on the head of household for basic needs.
Westermarck’s views on origin of marriage:
It was a habit from primitive times for a man and woman to live together, have offspring and rear them together.
This habit was sanctioned by custom, and afterwards by law and was thus transformed into a social institution.
2
History of the Family (2 of 3)
Gibbs and Campbell’s views on family.
Polygyny: man having more than one wife.
Preindustrial family: an economic unit.
Family during the Industrial Revolution.
Moore and Asay, Family Resource Management, Fourth Edition. © 2022 SAGE Publishing.
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Satisfies Learning Objective 2.1: Summarize the history and origins of the family.
Gibbs and Campbell’s views on family: Religious and social groups experimented with different forms of familial social bonds in the Americas during the 19th century.
Polygyny:
The practice of a man having more than one wife at the same time.
Multiple adult members provided the resources necessary to fulfill the many daily needs of large family units.
Preindustrial family:
Largely an economic unit.
Those who lived together were needed to help provide for existence.
Children, once old enough, were often sent to help other families if they were not needed at home.
Family during the Industrial Revolution:
Men went away from the home to work,
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