15 Jan irrationality

C04V Introduction to Psychology

LESSON 4 & 5 EXAM

Question 1The development of the __________ lobes of the cerebrum allows an adolescent to start developing the ability to reason.

Question options:

temporal

occipital

parietal

frontal

Question 2Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?

Question options:

changes in vocal tone

growth of the breasts

growth of facial hair

growth of the genitals

Question 3Why does exercise help to reduce memory loss and brain decline in older adults? (Select all that apply.)

Question options:

a) Because exercise reduces our need to use medications, many of which cause damage to brain cells over time.

b) Because exercise stimulates neurons and actually helps the brain to grow new cells.

c) Because exercise helps increase the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the brain.

d)Because exercise helps to remove toxins from our system that are stored in fat cells.

Question 4Daniel is interested in studying how children’s behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research and observes these children once a year for twenty years. Despite the fact that this research is very time consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children age over time. This type of research is an example of a __________ study.

Question options

sequential

longitudinal

cross-sectional

continuous

Question 5Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise into the way in which people experience physical, cognitive, and social changes over the course of their lives. The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology.

Question options:

developmental

child

social

ecological

Question 6Kayla was talking to her twelve-month-old daughter, and was talking in a very high-pitched, exaggerated voice. Experts refer to this sort of communication as __________.

Question options:

babbling

infant-oriented speech

motherese

cooing

Question 7Which part of the brain experiences the greatest growth between the ages of three and six years?

Question options:

temporal lobes

parietal lobes

frontal lobes

occipital lobes

Question 8Why is it easier for men to make the psychological adjustment to the physical changes of andropause than it is for women to adjust to the physical changes of menopause?

Question options:

Because research suggests that being male makes a person more psychologically resilient to changes in all areas of life.

Because the loss of estrogen makes women far more emotional than men, who are simply seeing a reduction in testosterone.

Because it is far easier to hide the symptoms of andropause than it is to hide the symptoms of menopause.

Because the changes associated with andropause are more subtle and appear over a longer period of time.

Question 9Though the recent research has its problems, it has suggested which of the following trends about intelligence changes as we age?

Question options:

Intelligence is generally very stable, and may even increase into later adulthood.

Intelligence is a very static phenomenon – there are no significant changes that occur over the course of the lifespan.

Intelligence is an inverted U-shaped curve – it starts low, increases through childhood into adulthood, and then shows a significant decline as we get over the age of seventy years.

Intelligence is a linear phenomenon – it slowly increases as we age from childhood to adulthood, getting higher the older we get.

Question 10By the time a child reaches the age of around eighteen months, he or she will start rapidly learning new words and associating them with their meanings. In fact, children at this age may learn up to __________ new nouns every day!

Question options:

ten

twenty-five

forty-five

sixty

Question 11Despite popular believe that “most” people experience a crisis when they come to their middle adulthood years, recent research has found that only __________% of adults reported experiencing a midlife crisis.

Question options:

2

5

7

10

Question 12Xavier is doing a research study investigating the moral decision making of people at various ages. He wants to know if adolescents see right and wrong differently than senior citizens, so he gives his research subjects a moral dilemma and asks them to discuss the various moral issues involved. In developmental psychology, Xavier’s research is exploring age __________.

Question options:

changes

development

concepts

differences

Question 13According to theory, which is supported by research, if children are deprived of the opportunity to learn language in the years before __________, it will be very difficult if not impossible for them to ever master the rules of grammar.

Question options:

entering school

adolescence

toddlerhood

puberty

Question 14Which of the following types of changes would not be of primary interest to a developmental psychologist?

Question options:

physical changes

cognitive changes

unconscious changes

social changes

Question 15Which of the following is one of the stages of prenatal development?

Question options:

zygotic stage

germinal stage

intra-utero stage

umbilical stage

Question 16__________ studies observe different individuals at different ages to track age differences.

Question options:

Sectional

Cross-sectional

Sequential

Cross-sequential

Question 17Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to life expectancy?

Question options:

There is no single trend about gender differences for life expectancy that can be generalized to the entire world, because nearly every country shows different patterns of life expectancy based on lifestyle choices.

On average, men outlive women by three years throughout the world, but women outlive men by two years in the United States.

On average, there is no difference in life expectancy between men and women throughout the world; however, in the United States men outlive women by five years.

On average, women outlive men by four years throughout the world and by five to six years in the United States.

Question 18__________ is to girls as __________ is to boys.

Question options:

Menarche; spermarche

Spermarche; menarche

Puberty; adolescence

Adolescence; puberty

Question 19Which of the following is true with regard to the order of development of motor skills?

Question options:

Babies develop motor skills based on what they see, so it is largely a function of imitation.

Babies develop motor skills in very unique sequences, so there is no “order” of skills that is considered typical.

Motor development in babies has two predictable paths – one for sighted children and one for blind children.

Motor development tends to occur in a universal sequence and thus specific skills predictably develop before other skills.

Question 20Most experts agree that there is a combination of factors – both biological and social – that contribute to a child’s ability to acquire language skills. The language-acquisition __________ is the social environment into which a baby is born, and if that environment stresses and encourages language skills, the child has a better chance of mastering those skills.

Question options:

environment

support system

milieu

context

Question 21Jill is thirteen years old and has been taking ballet class for four years. Her teacher is very impressed with her skill and has suggested that Jill and her parents consider whether she could be able to have a career in dance. According to Gardner’s theory, Jill has a strength in __________ intelligence.

Question options:

bodily/kinesthetic

naturalistic

spatial

musical

Question 22 “Samuel wears a hat. All baseball players wear a hat. Therefore, Samuel is a baseball player.” The preceding is an inaccurate conclusion based on two premises. “Samuel is a baseball player. All baseball players wear a hat. Therefore, Samuel wears a hat.” The preceding is an accurate conclusion based on two premises. Even though only one of these statements comes to an accurate conclusion, they both use a __________.

Question options:

discursion

induction

syllogism

deduction

Question 23Have you ever been distracted while you were speaking and accidentally switched the sounds of two words? For example, a person might mean to say, “I’m going to get a turkey sandwich” and instead say, “I’m going to get a surkey tandwich.” This type of expressive inversion is called a __________.

Question options:

phonemic reversal

syntactic switch

spoonerism

morphism

Question 24Chiang walks out of the dry cleaners holding his freshly laundered shirts on new hangers. He walks over to his car, only to find that he has locked the keys inside. Because he is suffering from __________, he calls a tow truck and waits for forty-five minutes, causing him to miss an important meeting at work instead of using one of the hangers to maneuver his way into unlocking the car door.

Question options:

algorithmic limitations

the mental set

heuristic blockage

functional fixedness

Question 25 The term book knowledge most resembles __________ intelligence from the theory of Robert Sternberg.

Question options:

analytic

emotional

practical

academic

Question 26 __________ is a rare disorder that occasionally accompanies autism in which a person of below-average intelligence has an extraordinary ability.

Question options:

Impulsive ability syndrome

Savant syndrome

Prodigy disorder

Schizoaffective disorder

Question 27All politicians are dirty, crooked, and dishonest, right? How many examples of dirty politicians can you come up with? The fact that you might be able to immediately think of a few examples of dirty politicians may lead you to believe that all politicians are, in fact, dishonest. This is an example of the __________ heuristic.

Question options:

conjunction

confirmation

availability

representative

Question 28When it comes to testing the intelligence of people from different cultural backgrounds who live in the same community, which of the following statements is the most accurate?

Question options:

It may be impossible to create an intelligence test completely free of cultural bias.

As long as the IQ test is given in a uniform manner, the influence of different cultural backgrounds is minimal and it is not necessary to consider those differences.

The only time an IQ test has cultural bias is if the test administrator has a particular desire to act in a way that discriminates against the test taker.

Cultural bias is not something that needs to be considered, but gender bias is a very salient topic in the world of intelligence testing.

Question 29Which of the following is one of the aspects of intelligence according to the theory of psychologist Robert Sternberg?

Question options:

interpersonal intelligence

crystallized intelligence

intrapersonal intelligence

creative intelligence

Question 30Recently, Marika had to end an eighteen-month-long relationship with Joshua, a man with whom she was deeply in love. She recognized, however, that they did not want the same things out of life; specifically, Joshua wanted to get married someday, and Marika was not interested in marriage. Though they tried to work out a compromise, it was not going to work out. Even though ending the relationship was painful, Marika was able to understand and manage her own feelings, even to the point of helping Joshua through the break-up with as little pain as possible. Marika is clearly very gifted in the area of __________ intelligence.

Question options:

self-aware

intrapersonal

savant

emotional

Question 31Going from broad to specific conclusions is called __________, while going from specific examples to broad conclusions is called __________ reasoning.

Question options:

theoretical; analytical

deductive; inductive

analytical; theoretical

inductive; deductive

Question 32The ability to process information and act accordingly is called __________ intelligence, while the mental ability derived from previous experience is called __________ intelligence.

Question options:

practical; analytical

crystallized; fluid

analytical; practical

fluid; crystallized

Question 33Research finds that strong central __________ functioning, the set of mental processes that governs goals, strategies, and coordination of the mind’s activities, is related to higher intelligence.

Question options:

executive

cognitive

psychic

unconscious

Question 34A very popular book that discusses common grammatical errors is called Eats, Shoots and Leaves. This book title is humorous because the __________ ambiguity allows for two possible interpretations of the thought: (1. a person had a meal, pulled out and fired a gun, and then exited, or (2. an animal consumes both shoots and leaves as part of its diet.

Question options:

semantic

lexical

structural

morphemic

Question 35 The __________ bias describes the effect that occurs when a person’s existing ways of thinking distort his or her logical decisions.

Question options:

hindsight

representative

heuristic

belief

Question 36When you are studying for an exam, you will have a better chance of understanding, encoding, and later retrieving a concept if you use __________.

Question options:

verbal cognition

visual and verbal cognition

visual cognition

vestibular cognition

Question 37Research has demonstrated all but which of the following with regard to people who speak more than one language?

Question options:

People who are bilingual from an early age show an increase in the density of the gray matter in the lower-left parietal area of the brain, suggesting that learning multiple languages actually promotes cognitive growth.

Adults who learn a second language later in life actually use different cognitive strategies than children who learn the second language, and thus their brains process the second language differently than people who learn a second language early in life.

Being bilingual is not a skill that is unique to human beings since animals who are able to learn to use sign language can learn multiple forms of sign language.

Asian immigrants who come to the United States of America as young children understand American English as proficiently as native speakers.

Question 38Ellen and Mike are trying to decide where to go for an anniversary dinner. Mike says to Ellen, “Okay, you can have anything you want. We can do Chinese, Italian, Thai, Mexican, or Spanish food. If you want sushi, that is fine, or we can go to an upscale steakhouse! I’m even fine if you want to go get a few fast-food burgers and then go for ice cream. So what will it be?” According to the concept of decision aversion, what is Ellen likely to choose?

Question options:

Ellen is likely to get angry at Mike for not choosing dinner.

Ellen is likely to make no choice at all.

Ellen will choose the most expensive meal, since Mike gave her the option of choosing anything she wants.

Ellen will consider which meal she likes the best and choose a restaurant that will serve that meal.

Question 39During a lecture on the dangers of stereotypes, Dr. Humphrey stated to her class, “As an example of a commonly held stereotype, some people believe that African-American individuals are less intelligent than Caucasian individuals.” A student in her class who was not paying attention only heard her say, “African-American individuals are less intelligent than Caucasian individuals.” Clearly there will be a problem based on this miscommunication, but the real issue is that the __________ of the issue that was provided by the teacher was different than that which was received by the student.

Question options:

communication

schema

point of view

framing

Question 40The __________ fallacy is a phenomenon that causes people to believe that additional information increases the probability that a statement is true, even though that probability actually decreased.

Question options:

hindsight

irrationality

conjunction

discursion