16 Jan The cross sectional study is
To show causality, researchers must use a/an ______________ study design.
Experimental
Observational
Cohort
Case-control
Cross-sectional
2 The Texas Men’s Health Study enrolled 38,649 men in 1999 and collected exposure and lifestyle information to assess the relationship between these factors and subsequent occurrence of heart disease, is an example of which type of study?
Experimental study
Observational study
Cohort study
Case study
Cross-sectional study
3 Clinical trials occur under very specialized, controlled conditions that do not represent everyday life. Generalizing the results obtained in this environment to populations not engaged in the research is a concern for this type of study.
True False
4 Suppose you want to know the effects of cocaine use by pregnant women on their babies. What would be the most appropriate method for studying this?
Experimental
Observational
Cohort
Case-control
Cross-sectional
5 What study design is very useful for rare diseases that require many years to develop and many people to observe?
Experimental
Observational
Cohort
Case-control
Cross-sectional
6 Surveys are not very good at capturing practices and health conditions of populations.
True False
7 A study design that involves measuring the same participants over some period of time is a_________ study.
Cross-sectional
Quasi-developmental
Experimental
Cohort
Case-control
8 Compared to cohort studies, case-control studies are __________ and _________ to do.
Hard/fast
Well-organized/difficult
Conceptual/hard
Fast/cheap
9 A study in which adults are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated heart medication or the currently available heart medication and are followed to monitor for the effectiveness of each medication is a/an:
Experimental study
Case study
Cohort study
Case-control study
Cross-sectional study
10 One advantage to using a cohort study is that results of the study can be retrieved quickly.
True False
11 Which of the following comparisons between the case-control study design and the cohort study design is correct?
The case-control design is better for studying rare exposures than the cohort design.
The case-control design is more expensive than the cohort design.
The case-control design is better for studying rare diseases than the cohort design.
The case-control design is better for determining disease incidence than the cohort design.
The case-control design is less prone to recall bias than the cohort design.
12 Cohort Studies generally look at which of the following?
Determining the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods
Identifying patient characteristics or risk factors associated with a disease or outcome
Variations among the clinical manifestations of patients with a disease
The impact of blinding or masking a study population
13 One of the key features of analytic epidemiology is:
Use of an appropriate comparison group
Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis
Publication in a peer-reviewed journal
Statistical analysis using logistic regression
14 Jacob is interested in whether the mere presence of others affected individual behavior. For his study, individuals were brought in and asked to make a speech to either an empty room or a room with five people in it. This type of study is best described as a/an:
Experimental study
Naturalistic observation
Case study
Cohort study
Cross-sectional
15 A researcher examines the injuries received in auto accidents in a group of males who are intoxicated while driving compared to another group that is not. The incidence of automobile wrecks is found for both groups at 1 and 5 years respectively. This is an example of a/an ________ study.
Experimental
Observational
Cohort
Case-control
Cross-sectional
16 Which of the following refers to an in-depth study of one individual?
Experimental study
Naturalistic observation
Case study
Cohort study
17 A teacher would like to identify students’ attitudes about using calculators to complete math assignments. Which of the following research methods would be most appropriate?
Case study
Laboratory observation
Standardized test
Questionnaire
18 Several disadvantages to using cohort studies may exist. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
It may take many years to detect changes in the groups
Researchers may be tempted to decrease the length of the study due to the time involved
Participants may drop out of the study as time passes
Cohort studies may be very costly
19 Which study design involves the simultaneous comparison of individuals of different ages?
Cross-sectional study
Longitudinal study
Sequential study
Experimental study
20 Dr. Zell is interested in studying how reflexes change throughout the lifespan. He decides to study seven different age groups at the same point in time. Dr. Zell is using a:
Cohort design
Cross-sectional design
Longitudinal design
Sequential design
21 In descriptive epidemiology our objective is to:
Describe the population
Describe the data we collected
Infer something about the population
Compute an average
22 A(n) _____ study is loosely structured and designed to investigate and provide further understanding of a subject matter.
Formal
Causal
Exploratory
Experimental
Descriptive
23 Which of the following is most likely to be an experimental study?
A study of the maternal characteristics of successful elementary school teachers
A study that compares the blood pressure readings of drivers and passengers
A study to determine if employers give more sociable employees higher ratings
A study to find out if implementing group projects will increase GPAs
24 One of the strengths of a longitudinal design is that:
It eliminates generation effects completely
Data can be collected quickly and inexpensively
You can see developmental changes in behavior more clearly
Both b and c
All of the above
25 Which of the following is true of cross-sectional studies:
The cross sectional study is the best study design for assessing the causes of diseases.
The cross sectional study must be done in person.
The cross sectional study can assess for an association between exposure and disease.
The cross sectional study is the best study design for determining disease incidence.
The cross sectional study is the most expensive study design.
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