22 Jan Large polysaccharides

1. During a stress response, the Th1 response is suppressed by which hormone?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Cortisol

Prolactin

Growth hormone

Question 2. The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to:

Tag pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages

Process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created for acquired immunity.

Destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms

Promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation

Question 3. Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?

The immune response is similar each time it is activated.

The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.

The immune response to a specific pathogen is short term.

The immune response is innate rather than acquired.

Question 4. The release of which cytokines is triggered by bacterial or viral infections, cancer, or tissue injury, which, in turn, initiate a stress response?

IL-1 and IL-2

IL-12, tumor necrotic factor–alpha (TNF-?), and colony-stimulating factor

IFN, tumor necrotic factor–beta (TNF-?), and IL-6

IL-4 and IL-24

Question 5. A reduction in an individual’s number of NK cells appears to correlate with an increased risk for the development of:

Depression

Type 1 diabetes

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)

Question 6. Which cells have a role in developing cell-mediated immunity?

Th1

CD4

CD8

Th2

Question 7. A nurse is providing care to a terminally ill adult who has been with his life partner for over 56 years. Research supports the nurse’s assessment of the life partner for signs of:

Suicidal ideations

Cardiac dysrhythmia

Severe stress reaction

Anorexia-induced weight loss

Question 8. Toxigenicity is defined as the:

Ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host

Ability of the pathogen’s to produce disease by the production of a soluble toxi

Ability of an agent to produce disease

Potency of a pathogen measured in terms of the number of microorganisms required to kill the host

Question 9. The functions of the MHC and CD1 molecules are alike because both:

Are antigen-presenting molecules

Bind antigens to antibodies

Secrete interleukins during the immune process

Are capable of activating Tc lymphocytes

Question 10. Where are antibodies produced?

Th lymphocytes

Thymus gland

Plasma cells

Bone marrow

Question 11. Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where?

Prefrontal cortex

Anterior pituitary

Limbic system

Hypothalamus

Question 12. Interferon-alpha (IFN-?) is secreted from which cells?

Virally infected cells

Bacterially infected cells

Macrophages

Mast cells

Question 13. What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes?

Depression of B cell functions and enhancement of T cell functions

Depression of T cell functions and enhancement of B cell functions

Depression of B and T cell functions

Enhancement of B and T cell functions

Question 14. Which statement about vaccines is true?

Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.

Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.

Vaccines require booster injections to maintain lifelong protection.

Vaccines provide effective protection against most infections.

Question 15. Which body fluids have the ability to attack the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria? (Select all that apply.)

Perspiration

Semen

Tears

Saliva

Urine

Question 16. Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

Adrenal cortex

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary

Limbic system

Question 17. Activation of the classical pathway begins with:

Viruses

Antigen–antibody complexes

Mast cells

Macrophages

Question 18. The role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing is to:

Generate new capillaries from vascular endothelial cells around the wound

Establish connections between neighboring cells and contract their fibers

Synthesize and secrete collagen and connective tissue proteins

Provide enzymes that debride the wound bed of dead cells

Question 19. Normal bacterial flora found in the intestines produce vitamin K to assist in the absorption of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Calcium

Fatty acids

Large polysaccharides

Iron

Magnesium

Question 20. Why is the herpes virus inaccessible to antibodies after the initial infection?

It does not circulate in the blood.

It does not have antibody receptors.

It resists agglutination.

It is a soluble antigen.