01 May Steam enters the turbine of a simple vapor po
Steam enters the turbine of a simple vapor power plant with a pressure of 60 bar, and a temperature of 500°C, and expands adiabatically to a condenser pressure, p, where it fully condenses to a quality of zero at the condenser exit (x = 0). The isentropic efficiency of both the turbine and the pump is 85%.
a) Plot (1) the turbine exit quality, and (2) the cycle thermal efficiency for condenser pressures ranging from 10 kPa to 100 kPa. (Hint: increment condenser pressure in steps of no less than 10 kPa). Show sample calculations for one condenser pressure.
b) What design operating point would you choose so that the cycle has best performance?
c) What modifications to the selected cycle can you implement to improve its performance? Show one example modification along with the calculations of the improved performance.
Instructions:
1. The submitted report must have clear and detailed steps. The report can be prepared using MS Word . 2. You may use MS Excel or any other plotting software to plot the results in part (a).
A-1
Table A-1 Atomic or Molecular Weights and Critical Properties of Selected Elements and Compounds A-2 Table A-2 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table A-3 Table A-3 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table A-5 Table A-4 Properties of Superheated Water Vapor A-7 Table A-5 Properties of Compressed Liquid Water A-11 Table A-6 Properties of Saturated Water (Solid–Vapor): Temperature Table A-12 Table A-7 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 22 (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table A-13 Table A-8 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 22 (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table A-14 Table A-9 Properties of Superheated Refrigerant 22 Vapor A-15 Table A-10 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table A-19 Table A-11 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table A-20 Table A-12 Properties of Superheated Refrigerant 134a Vapor A-21 Table A-13 Properties of Saturated Ammonia (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table A-24 Table A-14 Properties of Saturated Ammonia (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table A-25 Table A-15 Properties of Superheated Ammonia Vapor A-26 Table A-16 Properties of Saturated Propane (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table A-30 Table A-17 Properties of Saturated Propane (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table A-31 Table A-18 Properties of Superheated Propane Vapor A-32 Table A-19 Properties of Selected Solids and Liquids: cp, ρ, and κ . A-36 Table A-20 Ideal Gas Specific Heats of Some Common Gases A-37 Table A-21 Variation of c–p with Temperature for Selected Ideal Gases A-38 Table A-22 Ideal Gas Properties of Air A-39 Table A-23 Ideal Gas Properties of Selected Gases A-41 Table A-24 Constants for the van der Waals, Redlich–Kwong, and Benedict–Webb–Rubin
Equations of State A-45 Table A-25 Thermochemical Properties of Selected Substances at 298 K and 1 atm A-46 Table A-26 Standard Molar Chemical Exergy, e–ch (kJ/kmol), of Selected Substances at 298 K and p0 A-47 Table A-27 Logarithms to the Base 10 of the Equilibrium Constant K A-48
Index to Tables in SI Units
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A-2 Tables in SI Units
TA B L E A – 1 Atomic or Molecular Weights and Critical Properties of Selected Elements
and Compounds Chemical M Tc pc
Zc = pcvc RTcSubstance Formula (kg/kmol) (K) (bar)
Acetylene C2H2 26.04 309 62.8 0.274 Air (equivalent) — 28.97 133 37.7 0.284 Ammonia NH3 17.03 406 112.8 0.242
Argon Ar 39.94 151 48.6 0.290 Benzene C6H6 78.11 563 49.3 0.274 Butane C4H10 58.12 425 38.0 0.274
Carbon C 12.01 — — — Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 304 73.9 0.276 Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 133 35.0 0.294
Copper Cu 63.54 — — — Ethane C2H6 30.07 305 48.8 0.285 Ethanol C2H5OH 46.07 516 63.8 0.249
Ethylene C2H4 28.05 283 51.2 0.270 Helium He 4.003 5.2 2.3 0.300 Hydrogen H2 2.016 33.2 13.0 0.304
Methane CH4 16.04 191 46.4 0.290 Methanol CH3OH 32.04 513 79.5 0.220 Nitrogen N2 28.01 126 33.9 0.291
Octane C8H18 114.22 569 24.9 0.258 Oxygen O2 32.00 154 50.5 0.290 Propane C3H8 44.09 370 42.7 0.276
Propylene C3H6 42.08 365 46.2 0.276 Refrigerant 12 CCl2F2 120.92 385 41.2 0.278 Refrigerant 22 CHClF2 86.48 369 49.8 0.267
Refrigerant 134a CF3CH2F 102.03 374 40.7 0.260 Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.06 431 78.7 0.268 Water H2O 18.02 647.3 220.9 0.233
Sources: Adapted from International Critical Tables and L. C. Nelson and E. F. Obert, Generalized Compressibility Charts, Chem. Eng., 61: 203 (1954).
Sources for Tables A-2 through A-18.
Tables A-2 through A-6 are extracted from J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables, Wiley, New York, 1969.
Tables A-7 through A-9 are calculated based on equations from A. Kamei and S. W. Beyerlein, “A Fundamental Equation for Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22),” Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 80, No. 11, 1992, pp. 71–86.
Tables A-10 through A-12 are calculated based on equations from D. P. Wilson and R. S. Basu, “Thermodynamic Properties of a New Stratospherically Safe Working Fluid — Refrigerant 134a,” ASHRAE Trans., Vol. 94, Pt. 2, 1988, pp. 2095–2118.
Tables A-13 through A-15 are calculated based on equations from L. Haar and J. S. Gallagher, “Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia,” J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data, Vol. 7, 1978, pp. 635–792.
Tables A-16 through A-18 are calculated based on B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, “Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane and Normal Butane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987, pp. 577–598.
Ta bl
e A-
1
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Tables in SI Units A-3
TA B L E A – 2 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table
Specific Volume m3/kg
Internal Energy kJ/kg
Enthalpy kJ/kg
Entropy kJ/kg · K
Temp. °C
Press. bar
Sat. Liquid
υυf × 10 3
Sat. Vapor
υυg
Sat. Liquid
uf
Sat. Vapor
ug
Sat. Liquid
hf Evap.
hfg
Sat. Vapor
hg
Sat. Liquid
sf
Sat. Vapor
sg Temp.
°C .01 0.00611 1.0002 206.136 0.00 2375.3 0.01 2501.3 2501.4 0.0000 9.1562 .01 4 0.00813 1.0001 157.232 16.77 2380.9 16.78 2491.9 2508.7 0.0610 9.0514 4 5 0.00872 1.0001 147.120 20.97 2382.3 20.98 2489.6 2510.6 0.0761 9.0257 5 6 0.00935 1.0001 137.734 25.19 2383.6 25.20 2487.2 2512.4 0.0912 9.0003 6 8 0.01072 1.0002 120.917 33.59 2386.4 33.60 2482.5 2516.1 0.1212 8.9501 8
10 0.01228 1.0004 106.379 42.00 2389.2 42.01 2477.7 2519.8 0.1510 8.9008 10 11 0.01312 1.0004 99.857 46.20 2390.5 46.20 2475.4 2521.6 0.1658 8.8765 11 12 0.01402 1.0005 93.784 50.41 2391.9 50.41 2473.0 2523.4 0.1806 8.8524 12 13 0.01497 1.0007 88.124 54.60 2393.3 54.60 2470.7 2525.3 0.1953 8.8285 13 14 0.01598 1.0008 82.848 58.79 2394.7 58.80 2468.3 2527.1 0.2099 8.8048 14
15 0.01705 1.0009 77.926 62.99 2396.1 62.99 2465.9 2528.9 0.2245 8.7814 15 16 0.01818 1.0011 73.333 67.18 2397.4 67.19 2463.6 2530.8 0.2390 8.7582 16 17 0.01938 1.0012 69.044 71.38 2398.8 71.38 2461.2 2532.6 0.2535 8.7351 17 18 0.02064 1.0014 65.038 75.57 2400.2 75.58 2458.8 2534.4 0.2679 8.7123 18 19 0.02198 1.0016 61.293 79.76 2401.6 79.77 2456.5 2536.2 0.2823 8.6897 19
20 0.02339 1.0018 57.791 83.95 2402.9 83.96 2454.1 2538.1 0.2966 8.6672 20 21 0.02487 1.0020 54.514 88.14 2404.3 88.14 2451.8 2539.9 0.3109 8.6450 21 22 0.02645 1.0022 51.447 92.32 2405.7 92.33 2449.4 2541.7 0.3251 8.6229 22 23 0.02810 1.0024 48.574 96.51 2407.0 96.52 2447.0 2543.5 0.3393 8.6011 23 24 0.02985 1.0027 45.883 100.70 2408.4 100.70 2444.7 2545.4 0.3534 8.5794 24
25 0.03169 1.0029 43.360 104.88 2409.8 104.89 2442.3 2547.2 0.3674 8.5580 25 26 0.03363 1.0032 40.994 109.06 2411.1 109.07 2439.9 2549.0 0.3814 8.5367 26 27 0.03567 1.0035 38.774 113.25 2412.5 113.25 2437.6 2550.8 0.3954 8.5156 27 28 0.03782 1.0037 36.690 117.42 2413.9 117.43 2435.2 2552.6 0.4093 8.4946 28 29 0.04008 1.0040 34.733 121.60 2415.2 121.61 2432.8 2554.5 0.4231 8.4739 29
30 0.04246 1.0043 32.894 125.78 2416.6 125.79 2430.5 2556.3 0.4369 8.4533 30 31 0.04496 1.0046 31.165 129.96 2418.0 129.97 2428.1 2558.1 0.4507 8.4329 31 32 0.04759 1.0050 29.540 134.14 2419.3 134.15 2425.7 2559.9 0.4644 8.4127 32 33 0.05034 1.0053 28.011 138.32 2420.7 138.33 2423.4 2561.7 0.4781 8.3927 33 34 0.05324 1.0056 26.571 142.50 2422.0 142.50 2421.0 2563.5 0.4917 8.3728 34
35 0.05628 1.0060 25.216 146.67 2423.4 146.68 2418.6 2565.3 0.5053 8.3531 35 36 0.05947 1.0063 23.940 150.85 2424.7 150.86 2416.2 2567.1 0.5188 8.3336 36 38 0.06632 1.0071 21.602 159.20 2427.4 159.21 2411.5 2570.7 0.5458 8.2950 38 40 0.07384 1.0078 19.523 167.56 2430.1 167.57 2406.7 2574.3 0.5725 8.2570 40 45 0.09593 1.0099 15.258 188.44 2436.8 188.45 2394.8 2583.2 0.6387 8.1648 45
υf = (table value)/1000
Pressure Conversions: 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 102 kPa
H 2O
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A-4 Tables in SI Units
TA B L E A – 2 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table (Continued)
Specific Volume
m3/kg Internal Energy
kJ/kg Enthalpy
kJ/kg Entropy kJ/kg · K
Temp. °C
Press. bar
Sat. Liquid
υυf × 10 3
Sat. Vapor
υυg
Sat. Liquid
uf
Sat. Vapor
ug
Sat. Liquid
hf Evap.
hfg
Sat. Vapor
hg
Sat. Liquid
sf
Sat. Vapor
sg Temp.
°C 50 .1235 1.0121 12.032 209.32 2443.5 209.33 2382.7 2592.1 .7038 8.0763 50 55 .1576 1.0146 9.568 230.21 2450.1 230.23 2370.7 2600.9 .7679 7.9913 55 60 .1994 1.0172 7.671 251.11 2456.6 251.13 2358.5 2609.6 .8312 7.9096 60 65 .2503 1.0199 6.197 272.02 2463.1 272.06 2346.2 2618.3 .8935 7.8310 65 70 .3119 1.0228 5.042 292.95 2469.6 292.98 2333.8 2626.8 .9549 7.7553 70
75 .3858 1.0259 4.131 313.90 2475.9 313.93 2321.4 2635.3 1.0155 7.6824 75 80 .4739 1.0291 3.407 334.86 2482.2 334.91 2308.8 2643.7 1.0753 7.6122 80 85 .5783 1.0325 2.828 355.84 2488.4 355.90 2296.0 2651.9 1.1343 7.5445 85 90 .7014 1.0360 2.361 376.85 2494.5 376.92 2283.2 2660.1 1.1925 7.4791 90 95 .8455 1.0397 1.982 397.88 2500.6 397.96 2270.2 2668.1 1.2500 7.4159 95
100 1.014 1.0435 1.673 418.94 2506.5 419.04 2257.0 2676.1 1.3069 7.3549 100 110 1.433 1.0516 1.210 461.14 2518.1 461.30 2230.2 2691.5 1.4185 7.2387 110 120 1.985 1.0603 0.8919 503.50 2529.3 503.71 2202.6 2706.3 1.5276 7.1296 120 130 2.701 1.0697 0.6685 546.02 2539.9 546.31 2174.2 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269 130 140 3.613 1.0797 0.5089 588.74 2550.0 589.13 2144.7 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299 140
150 4.758 1.0905 0.3928 631.68 2559.5 632.20 2114.3 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379 150 160 6.178 1.1020 0.3071 674.86 2568.4 675.55 2082.6 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502 160 170 7.917 1.1143 0.2428 718.33 2576.5 719.21 2049.5 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663 170 180 10.02 1.1274 0.1941 762.09 2583.7 763.22 2015.0 2778.2 2.1396 6.5857 180 190 12.54 1.1414 0.1565 806.19 2590.0 807.62 1978.8 2786.4 2.2359 6.5079 190
200 15.54 1.1565 0.1274 850.65 2595.3 852.45 1940.7 2793.2 2.3309 6.4323 200 210 19.06 1.1726 0.1044 895.53 2599.5 897.76 1900.7 2798.5 2.4248 6.3585 210 220 23.18 1.1900 0.08619 940.87 2602.4 943.62 1858.5 2802.1 2.5178 6.2861 220 230 27.95 1.2088 0.07158 986.74 2603.9 990.12 1813.8 2804.0 2.6099 6.2146 230 240 33.44 1.2291 0.05976 1033.2 2604.0 1037.3 1766.5 2803.8 2.7015 6.1437 240
250 39.73 1.2512 0.05013 1080.4 2602.4 1085.4 1716.2 2801.5 2.7927 6.0730 250 260 46.88 1.2755 0.04221 1128.4 2599.0 1134.4 1662.5 2796.6 2.8838 6.0019 260 270 54.99 1.3023 0.03564 1177.4 2593.7 1184.5 1605.2 2789.7 2.9751 5.9301 270 280 64.12 1.3321 0.03017 1227.5 2586.1 1236.0 1543.6 2779.6 3.0668 5.8571 280 290 74.36 1.3656 0.02557 1278.9 2576.0 1289.1 1477.1 2766.2 3.1594 5.7821 290
300 85.81 1.4036 0.02167 1332.0 2563.0 1344.0 1404.9 2749.0 3.2534 5.7045 300 320 112.7 1.4988 0.01549 1444.6 2525.5 1461.5 1238.6 2700.1 3.4480 5.5362 320 340 145.9 1.6379 0.01080 1570.3 2464.6 1594.2 1027.9 2622.0 3.6594 5.3357 340 360 186.5 1.8925 0.006945 1725.2 2351.5 1760.5 720.5 2481.0 3.9147 5.0526 360 374.14 220.9 3.155 0.003155 2029.6 2029.6 2099.3 0 2099.3 4.4298 4.4298 374.14
υf = (table value)/1000
Pressure Conversions: 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 102 kPa
H 2O
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Tables in SI Units A-5
TA B L E A – 3 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table
Specific Volume m3/kg
Internal Energy kJ/kg
Enthalpy kJ/kg
Entropy kJ/kg · K
Press. bar
Temp. °C
Sat. Liquid
υυf × 10 3
Sat. Vapor
υυg
Sat. Liquid
uf
Sat. Vapor
ug
Sat. Liquid
hf Evap.
hfg
Sat. Vapor
hg
Sat. Liquid
sf
Sat. Vapor
sg Press.
bar 0.04 28.96 1.0040 34.800 121.45 2415.2 121.46 2432.9 2554.4 0.4226 8.4746 0.04 0.06 36.16 1.0064 23.739 151.53 2425.0 151.53 2415.9 2567.4 0.5210 8.3304 0.06 0.08 41.51 1.0084 18.103 173.87 2432.2 173.88 2403.1 2577.0 0.5926 8.2287 0.08 0.10 45.81 1.0102 14.674 191.82 2437.9 191.83 2392.8 2584.7 0.6493 8.1502 0.10 0.20 60.06 1.0172 7.649 251.38 2456.7 251.40 2358.3 2609.7 0.8320 7.9085 0.20
0.30 69.10 1.0223 5.229 289.20 2468.4 289.23 2336.1 2625.3 0.9439 7.7686 0.30 0.40 75.87 1.0265 3.993 317.53 2477.0 317.58 2319.2 2636.8 1.0259 7.6700 0.40 0.50 81.33 1.0300 3.240 340.44 2483.9 340.49 2305.4 2645.9 1.0910 7.5939 0.50 0.60 85.94 1.0331 2.732 359.79 2489.6 359.86 2293.6 2653.5 1.1453 7.5320 0.60 0.70 89.95 1.0360 2.365 376.63 2494.5 376.70 2283.3 2660.0 1.1919 7.4797 0.70
0.80 93.50 1.0380 2.087 391.58 2498.8 391.66 2274.1 2665.8 1.2329 7.4346 0.80 0.90 96.71 1.0410 1.869 405.06 2502.6 405.15 2265.7 2670.9 1.2695 7.3949 0.90 1.00 99.63 1.0432 1.694 417.36 2506.1 417.46 2258.0 2675.5 1.3026 7.3594 1.00 1.50 111.4 1.0528 1.159 466.94 2519.7 467.11 2226.5 2693.6 1.4336 7.2233 1.50 2.00 120.2 1.0605 0.8857 504.49 2529.5 504.70 2201.9 2706.7 1.5301 7.1271 2.00
2.50 127.4 1.0672 0.7187 535.10 2537.2 535.37 2181.5 2716.9 1.6072 7.0527 2.50 3.00 133.6 1.0732 0.6058 561.15 2543.6 561.47 2163.8 2725.3 1.6718 6.9919 3.00 3.50 138.9 1.0786 0.5243 583.95 2546.9 584.33 2148.1 2732.4 1.7275 6.9405 3.50 4.00 143.6 1.0836 0.4625 604.31 2553.6 604.74 2133.8 2738.6 1.7766 6.8959 4.00 4.50 147.9 1.0882 0.4140 622.25 2557.6 623.25 2120.7 2743.9 1.8207 6.8565 4.50
5.00 151.9 1.0926 0.3749 639.68 2561.2 640.23 2108.5 2748.7 1.8607 6.8212 5.00 6.00 158.9 1.1006 0.3157 669.90 2567.4 670.56 2086.3 2756.8 1.9312 6.7600 6.00 7.00 165.0 1.1080 0.2729 696.44 2572.5 697.22 2066.3 2763.5 1.9922 6.7080 7.00 8.00 170.4 1.1148 0.2404 720.22 2576.8 721.11 2048.0 2769.1 2.0462 6.6628 8.00 9.00 175.4 1.1212 0.2150 741.83 2580.5 742.83 2031.1 2773.9 2.0946 6.6226 9.00
10.0 179.9 1.1273 0.1944 761.68 2583.6 762.81 2015.3 2778.1 2.1387 6.5863 10.0 15.0 198.3 1.1539 0.1318 843.16 2594.5 844.84 1947.3 2792.2 2.3150 6.4448 15.0 20.0 212.4 1.1767 0.09963 906.44 2600.3 908.79 1890.7 2799.5 2.4474 6.3409 20.0 25.0 224.0 1.1973 0.07998 959.11 2603.1 962.11 1841.0 2803.1 2.5547 6.2575 25.0 30.0 233.9 1.2165 0.06668 1004.8 2604.1 1008.4 1795.7 2804.2 2.6457 6.1869 30.0
35.0 242.6 1.2347 0.05707 1045.4 2603.7 1049.8 1753.7 2803.4 2.7253 6.1253 35.0 40.0 250.4 1.2522 0.04978 1082.3 2602.3 1087.3 1714.1 2801.4 2.7964 6.0701 40.0 45.0 257.5 1.2692 0.04406 1116.2 2600.1 1121.9 1676.4 2798.3 2.8610 6.0199 45.0 50.0 264.0 1.2859 0.03944 1147.8 2597.1 1154.2 1640.1 2794.3 2.9202 5.9734 50.0 60.0 275.6 1.3187 0.03244 1205.4 2589.7 1213.4 1571.0 2784.3 3.0267 5.8892 60.0
70.0 285.9 1.3513 0.02737 1257.6 2580.5 1267.0 1505.1 2772.1 3.1211 5.8133 70.0 80.0 295.1 1.3842 0.02352 1305.6 2569.8 1316.6 1441.3 2758.0 3.2068 5.7432 80.0 90.0 303.4 1.4178 0.02048 1350.5 2557.8 1363.3 1378.9 2742.1 3.2858 5.6772 90.0 100. 311.1 1.4524 0.01803 1393.0 2544.4 1407.6 1317.1 2724.7 3.3596 5.6141 100. 110. 318.2 1.4886 0.01599 1433.7 2529.8 1450.1 1255.5 2705.6 3.4295 5.5527 110.
υf = (table value)/1000
Pressure Conversions: 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 102 kPa
H 2O
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A-6 Tables in SI Units
TA B L E A – 3 Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Pressure Table (Continued)
Specific Volume m3/kg
Internal Energy kJ/kg
Enthalpy kJ/kg
Entropy kJ/kg · K
Press. bar
Temp. °C
Sat. Liquid
υυf × 10 3
Sat. Vapor
υυg
Sat. Liquid
uf
Sat. Vapor
ug
Sat. Liquid
hf Evap.
hfg
Sat. Vapor
hg
Sat. Liquid
sf
Sat. Vapor
sg Press.
bar 120. 324.8 1.5267 0.01426 1473.0 2513.7 1491.3 1193.6 2684.9 3.4962 5.4924 120. 130. 330.9 1.5671 0.01278 1511.1 2496.1 1531.5 1130.7 2662.2 3.5606 5.4323 130. 140. 336.8 1.6107 0.01149 1548.6 2476.8 1571.1 1066.5 2637.6 3.6232 5.3717 140. 150. 342.2 1.6581 0.01034 1585.6 2455.5 1610.5 1000.0 2610.5 3.6848 5.3098 150. 160. 347.4 1.7107 0.009306 1622.7 2431.7 1650.1 930.6 2580.6 3.7461 5.2455 160.
170. 352.4 1.7702 0.008364 1660.2 2405.0 1690.3 856.9 2547.2 3.8079 5.1777 170. 180. 357.1 1.8397 0.007489 1698.9 2374.3 1732.0 777.1 2509.1 3.8715 5.1044 180. 190. 361.5 1.9243 0.006657 1739.9 2338.1 1776.5 688.0 2464.5 3.9388 5.0228 190. 200. 365.8 2.036 0.005834 1785.6 2293.0 1826.3 583.4 2409.7 4.0139 4.9269 200. 220.9 374.1 3.155 0.003155 2029.6 2029.6 2099.3 0 2099.3 4.4298 4.4298 220.9
υf = (table value)/1000
Pressure Conversions: 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 102 kPa
H 2O
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Tables in SI Units A-7
TA B L E A – 4 Properties of Superheated Water Vapor
T °C
υυ m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
υυ m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
p = 0.06 bar = 0.006 MPa (Tsat = 36.16°C)
p = 0.35 bar = 0.035 MPa (Tsat = 72.69°C)
Sat. 23.739 2425.0 2567.4 8.3304 4.526 2473.0 2631.4 7.7158 80 27.132 2487.3 2650.1 8.5804 4.625 2483.7 2645.6 7.7564 120 30.219 2544.7 2726.0 8.7840 5.163 2542.4 2723.1 7.9644
160 33.302 2602.7 2802.5 8.9693 5.696 2601.2 2800.6 8.1519 200 36.383 2661.4 2879.7 9.1398 6.228 2660.4 2878.4 8.3237 240 39.462 2721.0 2957.8 9.2982 6.758 2720.3 2956.8 8.4828
280 42.540 2781.5 3036.8 9.4464 7.287 2780.9 3036.0 8.6314 320 45.618 2843.0 3116.7 9.5859 7.815 2842.5 3116.1 8.7712 360 48.696 2905.5 3197.7 9.7180 8.344 2905.1 3197.1 8.9034
400 51.774 2969.0 3279.6 9.8435 8.872 2968.6 3279.2 9.0291 440 54.851 3033.5 3362.6 9.9633 9.400 3033.2 3362.2 9.1490 500 59.467 3132.3 3489.1 10.1336 10.192 3132.1 3488.8 9.3194
p = 0.70 bar = 0.07 MPa (Tsat = 89.95°C)
p = 1.0 bar = 0.10 MPa (Tsat = 99.63°C)
Sat. 2.365 2494.5 2660.0 7.4797 1.694 2506.1 2675.5 7.3594 100 2.434 2509.7 2680.0 7.5341 1.696 2506.7 2676.2 7.3614 120 2.571 2539.7 2719.6 7.6375 1.793 2537.3 2716.6 7.4668
160 2.841 2599.4 2798.2 7.8279 1.984 2597.8 2796.2 7.6597 200 3.108 2659.1 2876.7 8.0012 2.172 2658.1 2875.3 7.8343 240 3.374 2719.3 2955.5 8.1611 2.359 2718.5 2954.5 7.9949
280 3.640 2780.2 3035.0 8.3162 2.546 2779.6 3034.2 8.1445 320 3.905 2842.0 3115.3 8.4504 2.732 2841.5 3114.6 8.2849 360 4.170 2904.6 3196.5 8.5828 2.917 2904.2 3195.9 8.4175
400 4.434 2968.2 3278.6 8.7086 3.103 2967.9 3278.2 8.5435 440 4.698 3032.9 3361.8 8.8286 3.288 3032.6 3361.4 8.6636 500 5.095 3131.8 3488.5 8.9991 3.565 3131.6 3488.1 8.8342
p = 1.5 bar = 0.15 MPa (Tsat = 111.37°C)
p = 3.0 bar = 0.30 MPa (Tsat = 133.55°C)
Sat. 1.159 2519.7 2693.6 7.2233 0.606 2543.6 2725.3 6.9919 120 1.188 2533.3 2711.4 7.2693 160 1.317 2595.2 2792.8 7.4665 0.651 2587.1 2782.3 7.1276
200 1.444 2656.2 2872.9 7.6433 0.716 2650.7 2865.5 7.3115 240 1.570 2717.2 2952.7 7.8052 0.781 2713.1 2947.3 7.4774 280 1.695 2778.6 3032.8 7.9555 0.844 2775.4 3028.6 7.6299
320 1.819 2840.6 3113.5 8.0964 0.907 2838.1 3110.1 7.7722 360 1.943 2903.5 3195.0 8.2293 0.969 2901.4 3192.2 7.9061 400 2.067 2967.3 3277.4 8.3555 1.032 2965.6 3275.0 8.0330
440 2.191 3032.1 3360.7 8.4757 1.094 3030.6 3358.7 8.1538 500 2.376 3131.2 3487.6 8.6466 1.187 3130.0 3486.0 8.3251 600 2.685 3301.7 3704.3 8.9101 1.341 3300.8 3703.2 8.5892
Pressure Conversions: 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 102 kPa
H 2O
BMInd-SIUnits.indd Page 7 10/04/18 7:12 AM f-0157 /207/WB02172_ISV/work/indd/bmmatter
A-8 Tables in SI Units
TA B L E A – 4 Properties of Superheated Water Vapor (Continued)
T °C
υυ m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
υυ m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
p = 5.0 bar = 0.50 MPa (Tsat = 151.86°C)
p = 7.0 bar = 0.70 MPa (Tsat = 164.97°C)
Sat. 0.3749 2561.2 2748.7 6.8213 0.2729 2572.5 2763.5 6.7080 180 0.4045 2609.7 2812.0 6.9656 0.2847 2599.8 2799.1 6.7880 200 0.4249 2642.9 2855.4 7.0592 0.2999 2634.8 2844.8 6.8865
240 0.4646 2707.6 2939.9 7.2307 0.3292 2701.8 2932.2 7.0641 280 0.5034 2771.2 3022.9 7.3865 0.3574 2766.9 3017.1 7.2233 320 0.5416 2834.7 3105.6 7.5308 0.3852 2831.3 3100.9 7.3697
360 0.5796 2898.7 3188.4 7.6660 0.4126 2895.8 3184.7 7.5063 400 0.6173 2963.2 3271.9 7.7938 0.4397 2960.9 3268.7 7.6350 440 0.6548 3028.6 3356.0 7.9152 0.4667 3026.6 3353.3 7.7571
500 0.7109 3128.4 3483.9 8.0873 0.5070 3126.8 3481.7 7.9299 600 0.8041 3299.6 3701.7 8.3522 0.5738 3298.5 3700.2 8.1956 700 0.8969 3477.5 3925.9 8.5952 0.6403 3476.6 3924.8 8.4391
p = 10.0 bar = 1.0 MPa (Tsat = 179.91°C)
p = 15.0 bar = 1.5 MPa (Tsat = 198.32°C)
Sat. 0.1944 2583.6 2778.1 6.5865 0.1318 2594.5 2792.2 6.4448 200 0.2060 2621.9 2827.9 6.6940 0.1325 2598.1 2796.8 6.4546 240 0.2275 2692.9 2920.4 6.8817 0.1483 2676.9 2899.3 6.6628
280 0.2480 2760.2 3008.2 7.0465 0.1627 2748.6 2992.7 6.8381 320 0.2678 2826.1 3093.9 7.1962 0.1765 2817.1 3081.9 6.9938 360 0.2873 2891.6 3178.9 7.3349 0.1899 2884.4 3169.2 7.1363
400 0.3066 2957.3 3263.9 7.4651 0.2030 2951.3 3255.8 7.2690 440 0.3257 3023.6 3349.3 7.5883 0.2160 3018.5 3342.5 7.3940 500 0.3541 3124.4 3478.5 7.7622 0.2352 3120.3 3473.1 7.5698
540 0.3729 3192.6 3565.6 7.8720 0.2478 3189.1 3560.9 7.6805 600 0.4011 3296.8 3697.9 8.0290 0.2668 3293.9 3694.0 7.8385 640 0.4198 3367.4 3787.2 8.1290 0.2793 3364.8 3783.8 7.9391
p = 20.0 bar = 2.0 MPa (Tsat = 212.42°C)
p = 30.0 bar = 3.0 MPa (Tsat = 233.90°C)
Sat. 0.0996 2600.3 2799.5 6.3409 0.0667 2604.1 2804.2 6.1869 240 0.1085 2659.6 2876.5 6.4952 0.0682 2619.7 2824.3 6.2265 280 0.1200 2736.4 2976.4 6.6828 0.0771 2709.9 2941.3 6.4462
320 0.1308 2807.9 3069.5 6.8452 0.0850 2788.4 3043.4 6.6245 360 0.1411 2877.0 3159.3 6.9917 0.0923 2861.7 3138.7 6.7801 400 0.1512 2945.2 3247.6 7.1271 0.0994 2932.8 3230.9 6.9212
440 0.1611 3013.4 3335.5 7.2540 0.1062 3002.9 3321.5 7.0520 500 0.1757 3116.2 3467.6 7.4317 0.1162 3108.0 3456.5 7.2338 540 0.1853 3185.6 3556.1 7.5434 0.1227 3178.4 3546.6 7.3474
600 0.1996 3290.9 3690.1 7.7024 0.1324 3285.0 3682.3 7.5085 640 0.2091 3362.2 3780.4 7.8035 0.1388 3357.0 3773.5 7.6106 700 0.2232 3470.9 3917.4 7.9487 0.1484 3466.5 3911.7 7.7571
Pressure Conversions: 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 102 kPa
H 2O
BMInd-SIUnits.indd Page 8 10/04/18 7:12 AM f-0157 /207/WB02172_ISV/work/indd/bmmatter
Tables in SI Units A-9
TA B L E A – 4 Properties of Superheated Water Vapor (Continued)
T °C
υυ m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
υυ m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
p = 40 bar = 4.0 MPa (Tsat = 250.4°C)
p = 60 bar = 6.0 MPa (Tsat = 275.64°C)
Sat. 0.04978 2602.3 2801.4 6.0701 0.03244 2589.7 2784.3 5.8892 280 0.05546 2680.0 2901.8 6.2568 0.03317 2605.2 2804.2 5.9252 320 0.06199 2767.4 3015.4 6.4553 0.03876 2720.0 2952.6 6.1846
360 0.06788 2845.7 3117.2 6.6215 0.04331 2811.2 3071.1 6.3782 400 0.07341 2919.9 3213.6 6.7690 0.04739 2892.9 3177.2 6.5408 440 0.07872 2992.2 3307.1 6.9041 0.05122 2970.0 3277.3 6.6853
500 0.08643 3099.5 3445.3 7.0901 0.05665 3082.2 3422.2 6.8803 540 0.09145 3171.1 3536.9 7.2056 0.06015 3156.1 3517.0 6.9999 600 0.09885 3279.1 3674.4 7.3688 0.06525 3266.9 3658.4 7.1677
640 0.1037 3351.8 3766.6 7.4720 0.06859 3341.0 3752.6 7.2731 700 0.1110 3462.1 3905.9 7.6198 0.07352 3453.1 3894.1 7.4234 740 0.1157 3536.6 3999.6 7.7141 0.07677 3528.3 3989.2 7.5190
p = 80 bar = 8.0 MPa (Tsat = 295.06°C)
p = 100 bar = 10.0 MPa (Tsat = 311.06°C)
Sat. 0.02352 2569.8 2758.0 5.7432 0.01803 2544.4 2724.7 5.6141 320 0.02682 2662.7 2877.2 5.9489 0.01925 2588.8 2781.3 5.7103 360 0.03089 2772.7 3019.8 6.1819 0.02331 2729.1 2962.1 6.0060
400 0.03432 2863.8 3138.3 6.3634 0.02641 2832.4 3096.5 6.2120 440 0.03742 2946.7 3246.1 6.5190 0.02911 2922.1 3213.2 6.3805 480 0.04034 3025.7 3348.4 6.6586 0.03160 3005.4 3321.4 6.5282
520 0.04313 3102.7 3447.7 6.7871 0.03394 3085.6 3425.1 6.6622 560 0.04582 3178.7 3545.3 6.9072 0.03619 3164.1 3526.0 6.7864 600 0.04845 3254.4 3642.0 7.0206 0.03837 3241.7 3625.3 6.9029
640 0.05102 3330.1 3738.3 7.1283 0.04048 3318.9 3723.7 7.0131 700 0.05481 3443.9 3882.4 7.2812 0.04358 3434.7 3870.5 7.1687 740 0.05729 3520.4 3978.7 7.3782 0.04560 3512.1 3968.1 7.2670
p = 120 bar = 12.0 MPa (Tsat = 324.75°C)
p = 140 bar = 14.0 MPa (Tsat = 336.75°C)
Sat. 0.01426 2513.7 2684.9 5.4924 0.01149 2476.8 2637.6 5.3717 360 0.01811 2678.4 2895.7 5.8361 0.01422 2617.4 2816.5 5.6602 400 0.02108 2798.3 3051.3 6.0747 0.01722 2760.9 3001.9 5.9448
440 0.02355 2896.1 3178.7 6.2586 0.01954 2868.6 3142.2 6.1474 480 0.02576 2984.4 3293.5 6.4154 0.02157 2962.5 3264.5 6.3143 520 0.02781 3068.0 3401.8 6.5555 0.02343 3049.8 3377.8 6.4610
560 0.02977 3149.0 3506.2 6.6840 0.02517 3133.6 3486.0 6.5941 600 0.03164 3228.7 3608.3 6.8037 0.02683 3215.4 3591.1 6.7172 640 0.03345 3307.5 3709.0 6.9164 0.02843 3296.0 3694.1 6.8326
700 0.03610 3425.2 3858.4 7.0749 0.03075 3415.7 3846.2 6.9939 740 0.03781 3503.7 3957.4 7.1746 0.03225 3495.2 3946.7 7.0952
Pressure Conversions: 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 102 kPa
H 2O
BMInd-SIUnits.indd Page 9 10/04/18 7:12 AM f-0157 /207/WB02172_ISV/work/indd/bmmatter
A-10 Tables in SI Units
TA B L E A – 4 Properties of Superheated Water Vapor (Continued)
T °C
υυ m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
υυ m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
p = 160 bar = 16.0 MPa (Tsat = 347.44°C)
p = 180 bar = 18.0 MPa (Tsat = 357.06°C)
Sat. 0.00931 2431.7 2580.6 5.2455 0.00749 2374.3 2509.1 5.1044 360 0.01105 2539.0 2715.8 5.4614 0.00809 2418.9 2564.5 5.1922 400 0.01426 2719.4 2947.6 5.8175 0.01190 2672.8 2887.0 5.6887
440 0.01652 2839.4 3103.7 6.0429 0.01414 2808.2 3062.8 5.9428 480 0.01842 2939.7 3234.4 6.2215 0.01596 2915.9 3203.2 6.1345 520 0.02013 3031.1 3353.3 6.3752 0.01757 3011.8 3378.0 6.2960
560 0.02172 3117.8 3465.4 6.5132 0.01904 3101.7 3444.4 6.4392 600 0.02323 3201.8 3573.5 6.6399 0.02042 3188.0 3555.6 6.5696 640 0.02467 3284.2 3678.9 6.7580 0.02174 3272.3 3663.6 6.6905
700 0.02674 3406.0 3833.9 6.9224 0.02362 3396.3 3821.5 6.8580 740 0.02808 3486.7 3935.9 7.0251 0.02483 3478.0 3925.0 6.9623
p = 200 bar = 20.0 MPa (Tsat = 365.81°C)
p = 240 bar = 24.0 MPa
Sat. 0.00583 2293.0 2409.7 4.9269 400 0.00994 2619.3 2818.1 5.5540 0.00673 2477.8 2639.4 5.2393 440 0.01222 2774.9 3019.4 5.8450 0.00929 2700.6 2923.4 5.6506
480 0.01399 2891.2 3170.8 6.0518 0.01100 2838.3 3102.3 5.8950 520 0.01551 2992.0 3302.2 6.2218 0.01241 2950.5 3248.5 6.0842 560 0.01689 3085.2 3423.0 6.3705 0.01366 3051.1 3379.0 6.2448
600 0.01818 3174.0 3537.6 6.5048 0.01481 3145.2 3500.7 6.3875 640 0.01940 3260.2 3648.1 6.6286 0.01588 3235.5 3616.7 6.5174 700 0.02113 3386.4 3809.0 6.7993 0.01739 3366.4 3783.8 6.6947
740 0.02224 3469.3 3914.1 6.9052 0.01835 3451.7 3892.1 6.8038 800 0.02385 3592.7 4069.7 7.0544 0.01974 3578.0 4051.6 6.9567
p = 280 bar = 28.0 MPa p = 320 bar = 32.0 MPa 400 0.00383 2223.5 2330.7 4.7494 0.00236 1980.4 2055.9 4.3239 440 0.00712 2613.2 2812.6 5.4494 0.00544 2509.0 2683.0 5.2327 480 0.00885 2780.8 3028.5 5.7446 0.00722 2718.1 2949.2 5.5968
520 0.01020 2906.8 3192.3 5.9566 0.00853 2860.7 3133.7 5.8357 560 0.01136 3015.7 3333.7 6.1307 0.00963 2979.0 3287.2 6.0246 600 0.01241 3115.6 3463.0 6.2823 0.01061 3085.3 3424.6 6.1858
640 0.01338 3210.3 3584.8 6.4187 0.01150 3184.5 3552.5 6.3290 700 0.01473 3346.1 3758.4 6.6029 0.01273 3325.4 3732.8 6.5203 740 0.01558 3433.9 3870.0 6.7153 0.01350 3415.9 3847.8 6.6361
800 0.01680 3563.1 4033.4 6.8720 0.01460 3548.0 4015.1 6.7966 900 0.01873 3774.3 4298.8 7.1084 0.01633 3762.7 4285.1 7.0372
Pressure Conversions: 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 102 kPa
H 2O
BMInd-SIUnits.indd Page 10 10/04/18 7:12 AM f-0157 /207/WB02172_ISV/work/indd/bmmatter
Tables in SI Units A-11
TA B L E A – 5 Properties of Compressed Liquid Water
T °C
υυ × 103 m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
υυ × 103 m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg · K
p = 25 bar = 2.5 MPa (Tsat = 223.99°C)
p = 50 bar = 5.0 MPa (Tsat = 263.99°C)
20 1.0006 83.80 86.30 .2961 .9995 83.65 88.65 .2956 40 1.0067 167.25 169.77 .5715 1.0056 166.95 171.97 .5705 80 1.0280 334.29 336.86 1.0737 1.0268 333.72 338.85 1.0720
100 1.0423 418.24 420.85 1.3050 1.0410 417.52 422.72 1.3030 140 1.0784 587.82 590.52 1.7369 1.0768 586.76 592.15 1.7343 180 1.1261 761.16 763.97 2.1375 1.1240 759.63 765.25 2.1341
200 1.1555 849.9 852.8 2.3294 1.1530 848.1 853.9 2.3255 220 1.1898 940.7 943.7 2.5174 1.1866 938.4 944.4 2.5128 Sat. 1.1973 959.1 962.1 2.5546 1.2859 1147.8 1154.2 2.9202
p = 75 bar = 7.5 MPa (Tsat = 290.59°C)
p = 100 bar = 10.0 MPa (Tsat = 311.06°C)
20 .9984 83.50 90.99 .2950 .9972 83.36 93.33 .2945 40 1.0045 166.64 174.18 .5696 1.0034 166.35 176.38 .5686 80 1.0256 333.15 340.84 1.0704 1.0245 332.59 342.83 1.0688
100 1.0397 416.81 424.62 1.3011 1.0385 416.12 426.50 1.2992 140 1.0752 585.72 593.78 1.7317 1.0737 584.68 595.42 1.7292 180 1.1219 758.13 766.55 2.1308 1.1199 756.65 767.84 2.1275
220 1.1835 936.2 945.1 2.5083 1.1805 934.1 945.9 2.5039 260 1.2696 1124.4 1134.0 2.8763 1.2645 1121.1 1133.7 2.8699 Sat. 1.3677 1282.0 1292.2 3.1649 1.4524 1393.0 1407.6 3.3596
p = 150 bar = 15.0 MPa (Tsat = 342.24°C)
p = 200 bar = 20.0 MPa (Tsat = 365.81°C)
20 .9950 83.06 97.99 .2934 .9928 82.77 102.62 .2923 40 1.0013 165.76 180.78 .5666 .9992 165.17 185.16 .5646 80 1.0222 331.48 346.81 1.0656 1.0199 330.40 350.80 1.0624
100 1.0361 414.74 430.28 1.2955 1.0337 413.39 434.06 1.2917 140 1.0707 582.66 598.72 1.7242 1.0678 580.69 602.04 1.7193 180 1.1159 753.76 770.50 2.1210 1.1120 750.95 773.20 2.1147
220 1.1748 929.9 947.5 2.4953 1.1693 925.9 949.3 2.4870 260 1.2550 1114.6 1133.4 2.8576 1.2462 1108.6 1133.5 2.8459 300 1.3770 1316.6 1337.3 3
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