28 Aug Traffic light control systems consist of r
Rewrite the paper to add flow charts and program code used to execute the proposed modifications.
The written report includes a clear description of proposed system modifications that are reasonable for improving functionality, accompanied by a discussion of the program flow to execute them.
BASIC TRAFFIC LIGHT BUILD 5
Basic Traffic Light Build
Student’s Name
Course
Professor’s Name
Date
Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The Fixed-Time System Control 3 3. The Dynamic-Control System 4 4. Artificial intelligence applications 4 5. References 5
1. Introduction
Traffic light control systems consist of red, green, and yellow lights. In the traffic light control system, the main controller, control circuit, counter, timer, decoder, clock signal, generator, decoder drive circuit and the digital display decoder control the traffic light. The generator acts as the clock signal source, it times and controls the system. Further, the decoder, outputs the control signals in two sets, involving controlling the transition from green, to red, to yellow traffic light. Here, the controller controls the functioning of the decoder and the timer. Finally, signals are transmitted by the clock signal generator to the control circuit and vice versa in repeated successions. Finally, through the decoder, the signals are displayed in the traffic lights (Almawgani, 2018).
The traffic signal control systems are significant in the safety and efficient operation of traffic flaws at intersections through the alteration of green, red, and yellow traffic lights. The traffic light control system functions on the concept of fixed-time allocation and dynamic control of traffic light systems.
2. The Fixed-Time System Control
The fixed-time system control is applied when the traffic light system is allocated in side of the junction that cannot be changed depending on the traffic density. Here, times assigned at every junction are fixed. Significantly, roads with high traffic density demand longer time duration at specific sides of the junction compared to the standard allocated time. According to Zhang et al. (2022), the fixed-time control system can be outclassed by reducing the average waiting time of vehicles crisscrossed. Particularly, fixed-time control systems operates through the calculations of vehicles arriving at all roads depending on when specific roads are open and the total, and average waiting time. The system can also be improved by ensuring the simulator runs are at constant and random patterns.
3. The Dynamic-Control System
On the other side, dynamic control traffic light systems involves a situation where the signal timing of the traffic light system automatically changes by recognizing the traffic density at every junction. Changes in the traffic density does not affect the time allocated at the junctions. This system uses high energy-efficient LED Variable Message Signs (VMS) that allow the conveyance of dynamic information signals to road users based on the situation of the current traffic. The speed funnels helps road users to avoid collisions when the traffic flaw ends. Furthermore, the dynamic traffic control can be advanced using advanced technology to ensure traffic data can be efficiently gathered efficiently (Li et al., 2015). Based on the operation of fixed-time control systems and dynamic control of traffic light systems, dynamic control systems are efficient because cars in congested traffics wait less time when other junctions are not congested. Significantly, fixed time control systems does not recognize the difference between congested and non-congested junctions on specific road intersections, hence the inefficiency.
4. Artificial intelligence applications
Artificial intelligence applications involves the use of technology in incorporating human behavior and intelligence into machines and systems. In traffic light systems, AI-based modelling can be used to build automated and intelligent traffic light systems based on current issues to solve real-world issues. Significantly, artificial intelligence technology can be used to develop dynamic control systems through the use of analytical artificial intelligence to extract insights from data and produce recommendations that can influence data-driven decision making to solve the problems. Moreover, functional artificial intelligence can be used to address issues through actions. Lastly, interactive artificial intelligence can allow system developers to automate interactions without compromising the operation of the systems.
5. References
Almawgani, A. H. M., & Almawgani, A. H. M. (2018). Design of real time smart traffic light control system. Int. J. Ind. Electron. Electr. Eng, 6(4), 43-47.
Li, Y., Liu, C., Gao, J. X., & Shen, W. (2015). An integrated feature-based dynamic control system for on-line machining, inspection and monitoring. Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, 22(2), 187-200.
Zhang, Z., Guo, M., Fu, D., Mo, L., & Zhang, S. (2022). Traffic signal optimization for partially observable traffic system and low penetration rate of connected vehicles. Computer‐Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering.
,
4 WAYS TRAFFIC LIGHTS
PROJ EC T REPO RT
This study source was downloaded by 100000784194304 from CourseHero.com on 08-27-2022 09:40:37 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/78752986/4-WAYS-TRAFFIC-LIGHTS-PROJECTdocx/
ABSTRACT
This paper is aimed at creating prototype traffic light model using LED (Light Emitting Diode) since LEDs consume 80-90 percent less energy and generally last 5-7 years or longer compared to just a year for a incandescent light signal. LED are brighter, the LED arrays fill the entire “hole” and have equal brightness across the entire surface, making them brighter overall. It will also involves the use of a digital logic gate, multivibrator, IC (Integrated Circuit), timer for the design and circuit simulation to analysis the system efficiency. This design has for long outweighed the older system in many ways it is more efficient and effective as well, as it can enhance the transportation system of the country saving many hours usually lost in traffic problems. Accidents may also be prevented and lives can be saved and It can be used effectively by implementing in heavily congested areas.
INTRODUCTION
Traffic light which is one of the vital public facilities that plays an important role to the road users. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London, United Kingdom, outside the British Houses of Parliament in London, by the railway engineer J. P. Knight and constructed by the railway signal engineers of Saxby & Farmer. The design combined three semaphore arms with red and green gas lamps for night-time use, on a pillar, operated by a police constable. The gas lantern was turned with a lever at its base so that the appropriate light faced traffic. Although it was said to be successful at controlling traffic, its operational life was brief. It exploded on 2 January 1869, as a result of a leak in one of the gas lines underneath the pavement, injuring and killing the policeman who was operating it. With doubts about its safety, the concept was abandoned until electric signals became available. The first electric traffic light was developed in 1912 by Lester Wire, an American policeman of Salt Lake City, Utah, who also used red- green lights. Mary Bellis (5 February 1952).On 5 August 1914, the American Traffic Signal Company installed a traffic signal system on the corner of East 105th Street and Euclid Avenue in Ohio. It had two colors, red and green, and a buzzer, (based on the design of James Hoge) to provide a warning for color changes. The design by James Hoge allowed police and fire stations to control the signals in case of emergency. The first four-way, three-color traffic light was created by police officer William Potts in Detroit, Michigan in 1920. Moyer, Sheldon (March 1947). In 1922, T.E. Hayes patented his "Combination traffic guide and traffic regulating signal" . Ashville, Ohio claims to be the location of the oldest working traffic light in the United States, used at an intersection of public roads until 1982 when it was moved to a local museum (Neato Stuff at the Ashville Museum).The traffic lights consist of a set of three coloured lights: red, yellow and green.( In a typical cycle, Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, Illumination of the amber/yellow light denoting, if safe to do so, prepare to stop short of the intersection, and Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding).
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF TRAFFIC LIGHT SYTEM
Traffic light system consists of two parts, first part is traffic light and the second part is controller unit. Traffic light which is one of vital public facilities plays an important role to the road user, which is used to control traffic flows at the busy intersection. The world's first traffic light came into being before the automobile was in use, and traffic consisted only of pedestrians, buggies, and wagons. Installed at an intersection in London in 1868, it was a revolving lantern with red and green signals. Red meant stop and green meant caution. The lantern, illuminated by gas, was turned by means of a lever at its base so that the appropriate light faced traffic. On January 2, 1869, this crude traffic light exploded, injuring the policeman who was operating it.
And with the coming of automobiles, the situation got even worse. Police officer William Potts of Detroit, Michigan, decided to do something about the problem. What he had in mind was figuring
This study source was downloaded by 100000784194304 from CourseHero.com on 08-27-2022 09:40:37 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/78752986/4-WAYS-TRAFFIC-LIGHTS-PROJECTdocx/
out a way to adapt railroad signals for street use. The railroads were already utilizing automatic controls. But railroad traffic travelled along parallel lines. Street traffic travelled at right angles. Potts used red, amber, and green railroad lights and about thirty-seven dollars’ worth of wire and electrical controls to make the world's first 4-way three color traffic light. It was installed in 1920 on the corner of Woodward and Michigan Avenues in Detroit. Within a year, Detroit had installed a total of fifteen of the new automatic lights. At about the same time, Garrett Morgan of the United States realized the need to control the flow of traffic. A gifted inventor and reportedly the first African American to own an automobile in Cleveland, Ohio, he invented the electric automatic traffic light. Though it looked more like the semaphore signals you see at train crossings today, it provided the concept on which modern four-way traffic lights are based. The First Four way traffic signal was originated by William Potts of the Detroit Police Department and he is generally credited as the originator of the red-yellow-green traffic signal as we know today. His signal, built of wood with metal shell, used four inch railroad lantern-style lenses. The signal, probably of the overhead suspension type, marked another pioneering venture for Detroit when it was installed. He instituted electrical interconnection of the signal of fifteen of Detroit's traffic towers so that they could be controlled by a police officer from a single location. However, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Traffic Light which are the new traffic light designs are made out of arrays of light emitting diodes (LEDs). These are tiny, purely electronic lights that are extremely energy efficient and have a very long life. Each LED is about the size of a pencil eraser, so hundreds of them are used together in an array. The LEDs are replacing the old-style incandescent halogen bulbs rated at between 50 and 150 watts. LED bulbs save a lot of energy. The energy savings of LED lights can be huge. Assume that a traffic light uses 100-watt bulbs today. The light is on 24 hours a day, so it uses 2.4 kilowatt-hours per day. A big city has thousands of intersections, so it can cost millions of dollars just to power all the traffic lights. LED bulbs might consume 15 or 20 watts instead of 100, so the power consumption drops by a factor of five or six. A city can easily save a million dollars a year by replacing all of the bulbs with LED units. These low-energy bulbs also open the possibility of using solar panels instead of running an electrical line, which saves money in remote
Purpose of Traffic Light
1. Safe and efficient traffic light flow.
2. Assign right of way to maximize capacity, minimize and reduce collision and conflict.
Advantage of Traffic Light
i. Minimize conflicting movement ii. Provide orderly movement of traffic iii. Provide driver confidence by engaging the right ways iv. Means of interrupting heavy traffic
v. Coordinated for continuous vehicle movement
Cross Road Traffic Light Control
Crossroads is where two or more roads cross each other and form an intersection. Design and
Implementation of Crossroads of Four (4) way traffic light control types will be the main focus of this
project. Crossroads vary from the very quiet residential areas to the hectic multi-lane systems is busy
areas. Crossroads can cause confusion for not only learner drivers, Pedestrian but experienced fully
licensed drivers are often unsure how to deal with them.
This study source was downloaded by 100000784194304 from CourseHero.com on 08-27-2022 09:40:37 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/78752986/4-WAYS-TRAFFIC-LIGHTS-PROJECTdocx/
Recently the traffic management is trying out new a new system of traffic lights based on the usual
international standard. A synchronous digital circuit has to be design, which operates this new type of
traffic light for cross road or road crossing.
Cross Road Traffic Control System.
Components
1N4001 diode
7404 diode
4017 IC
555 timer
Capacitor
Resister
LED
Traffic Lights
7408 NOT gate
Block Diagram of the Traffic light controller
This study source was downloaded by 100000784194304 from CourseHero.com on 08-27-2022 09:40:37 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/78752986/4-WAYS-TRAFFIC-LIGHTS-PROJECTdocx/
4017-pin-diagram
PROJECT CIRCUIT
Working Principle
This traffic light is made with the help of counter IC, which is mainly used for Sequential Circuits. We can also call it as Sequential Traffic Lights. Sequential Circuits are used to count the numbers in the series. Coming to the working principle of Traffic Lights, the main IC is 4017 counter IC which is used to glow the Red, yellow and green LED respectively. 555 timer acts as a pulse generator providing an input to the 4017 counter IC. Timing of glow of certain lights totally depends upon the 555 timer’s pulse, which we can control via the Potentiometer so if you want to change the time of glow, you can do so by varying the potentiometer, having the responsibility for the timing. LEDs are not connected directly with 4017 counter, as the lights won’t be stable. We have used the combination of 1N4148
This study source was downloaded by 100000784194304 from CourseHero.com on 08-27-2022 09:40:37 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/78752986/4-WAYS-TRAFFIC-LIGHTS-PROJECTdocx/
diodes and the LEDs in order to get the appropriate output. Main drawback of this circuit is that you can never have an exact timing with this, however you will have best estimated.
SUMMARY
This project is intended for the design and implementation of prototype cross road traffic light control system. The design was achieved by taking up the challenges of making findings from library, internet and also interview from resourced persons about the essential facts of the design. The design proceeds to getting all necessary components to initialize and maintain the proper functions of the designed circuit. The control circuit was properly designed and faults were corrected before mounting the circuit into the model. It is quite challenging mounting the components on the Vero board because of the fragility of the components and the total concentration and perfection required to achieve an accurate output or result. Proper functioning of the circuit and an error free connection was ensured. The circuit was finally put to test and automatic control of the traffic light was achieved by the decade counter.
CONCLUSION
Four way traffic light system is useful equipment for controlling traffic flow at junctions. This method has
for long outweighed1 the older system in many ways it is more efficient and effective as well, as it can
enhance the transportation system of the country saving many hours usually lost in traffic problems.
Accidents may also be prevented and lives can be saved.
REFERENCES:
1. Day, Lance; Ian McNeil (1996). “Biographical dictionary of the history of technology”. Taylor & Francis. pp. 404–5. ISBN 0-415-06042-7.
2. Kok, K.T et al (1996a) Neato Stuff At the Ashville Museum. Ashville Area Heritage Society. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
3. Moyer, Sheldon "Mr. 'Traffic light”. Motor News (Automobile Club of Michigan): 14–15, 27. (March 1947).
4. "USPTO # 1251666 Sept. 22, 1913". Patimg2.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2009-05-19. 5. Schubert E. Fred “Light-Emitting Diodes” Second edition pp 1-26, pp 59-85 (2006). 6. Webster, F.V. “Traffic Signal Settings” Road Research Technical Paper No. 39 (1958) London:
Great Britain Road Research Laboratory. 7. Edison H., Murdoch, J. P., “Illuminating engineering”, Journal of engineering, 1998. 8. Jaeger, “Microelectronic Circuit Design”, McGraw-Hill 1997, ISBN 0-07-032482-4, pp. 226-
233 9. Mary Bellis (5 February 1952). "The History of Roads and Asphalt". Inventors.about.com.
Retrieved 2009-05-19. 10. Mike Tooley. “Electronics Circuits, Fundamentals & Applications” Jordan-Hill INC. 3rd
Edition, 2006. 11. Theraja B.L & A.K “Electrical Technology” S.Chand &Co Ltd 23rd Edition,2002.
This study source was downloaded by 100000784194304 from CourseHero.com on 08-27-2022 09:40:37 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/78752986/4-WAYS-TRAFFIC-LIGHTS-PROJECTdocx/
This study source was downloaded by 100000784194304 from CourseHero.com on 08-27-2022 09:40:37 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/78752986/4-WAYS-TRAFFIC-LIGHTS-PROJECTdocx/ Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
Our website has a team of professional writers who can help you write any of your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE. To make an Order you only need to click Ask A Question and we will direct you to our Order Page at WriteEdu. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Fill in all the assignment paper details that are required in the order form with the standard information being the page count, deadline, academic level and type of paper. It is advisable to have this information at hand so that you can quickly fill in the necessary information needed in the form for the essay writer to be immediately assigned to your writing project. Make payment for the custom essay order to enable us to assign a suitable writer to your order. Payments are made through Paypal on a secured billing page. Finally, sit back and relax.
Do you need help with this question?
Get assignment help from WriteEdu.com Paper Writing Website and forget about your problems.
WriteEdu provides custom & cheap essay writing 100% original, plagiarism free essays, assignments & dissertations.
With an exceptional team of professional academic experts in a wide range of subjects, we can guarantee you an unrivaled quality of custom-written papers.
Chat with us today! We are always waiting to answer all your questions.